Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management

Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management Underwater seal drainage tubes (chest tubes) are inserted to drain the pleural cavity (the potential space around the lung) which can contain blood, air or lymph (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). The chest tube is connected to a water-seal plastic container and there is only one-way movement of air and fluid from the pleural cavity. In general, the water-seal container should not be empty or changed unless it is full. The chest tube should not be clamped only if ordered by doctors. For the patient inserted with a chest tube, a trained nurse is responsible for managing the under-water seal drainage system (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Management is consist of monitoring the position and attachment of chest tube, adjusting the evacuation of the fluid and deciding when to change or empty the containers, and look after patient with the tube and drainage system when transport (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Nursing students are not supposed to manage the drainage system without supe rvision of a trained nurse. In surgical cases, various drains systems can be used, the management of these drains are different from each others. Wound drainage is a closed-suction drain with a vacuum container and fluid can be drawed from wound. When the vacuum containers are full or loss its vacuum, they are required to be replaced (Deborah, 2010). While the under-water seal drainage is a closed drainage system and the approach of managing it is different. The water-seal chamber allow the air and fluid to escape from the pleural cavity but cannot flow back from reverse direction (Deborah, 2010). In patients with hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity), pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity), chylothorax (lymph in the pleural cavity), the negative pressure is lost and lung expansion can be restricted (Deborah, 2010). The most important element of ensuring the expansion and deep inspiration of the lung is to maintain the negative pressure in the pleural cavity (Deborah, 2010). Consequently, because of the negative pressure in the pleural cavity, the air might enter to pleural cavity specially when the size of the chest tube is larger than the size of the trachea which can lead to pneumothorax (Deborah, 2010). The water-seal drainage container is usually filled with about 375 ml of sterile water, chest tube is placed under the level of the water, so the air cannot be sucked into the chest, however the water-seal drainage container should always keep below the level of patient’s chest to prevent back flow of the water to the pleural cavity (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). When the chest tubes are inserted for treating pneumothorax, no clamp is excepting and when change the volume of the water in the water-seal container, close monitor is needed as re-expansion pulmonary can occur (Deborah, 2010). If the collapsed lung expands rapidly it can cause damage in the capillary and develop to unilateral pulmonary edema which is called re-expansion pulmonary edema. A specific care pathway for chest-tube insertion and management may be useful (Deborah, 2010). Wound drainage For the post operative patient who has a wound drainage tube, the main nursing goals will be healing promotion and infection control. To successfully achieve these goals, assessment of wound and intervention guidelines will be helpful (Bonnie S., 1992). First maintain the tube in proper position. Extraction still can happen accidentally even the tube is sutured to the skin properly. Apply tape on the tube to stabilize it down to the dressing of skin can contribute to reduction of the risk of extraction. If the tube has enough length, nurse can make a partial loop before taping (for slack) (Bonnie S., 1992). Secondly, the skin around the wound should be assessed regularly (Bonnie S., 1992). Drainage tube usually inserted at the site of surgical incision. If the wound didn’t heal well, infection can be a problem. Assess sites for signs and symptoms of infection which can be redness, swelling, pain and change in vital signs. To assess the drainage every 4 to 8 hours to see sanguineous fluid up to 36 postoperative. Purulent fluid usually indicates infection (Bonnie S., 1992). Thirdly, change the dressing of the site frequently, Depend on the type and amount of the drainage, routinely or frequently change the dressing (using sterile technique) can decrease the risk of infection and maintain a close monitor of skin condition of the drain site and incision site (Bonnie S., 1992). After the tube is saturated and dressing applied, the dressing is suppose to be changed at least every 24 hours. If the doctors ordered to not change the dressing then reinforcement interventions are required to maintain the wound drainage system. Always use separate dressing on the incision and drain site to prevent cross-infection of bacteria (Bonnie S., 1992). Critical analysis form different perspectives Lack of knowledge of professional competency and evidence-based practice can be the factor that affect the first year RN and nursing student to make inadequate clinical decision. In the education field of clinical health professionals, CPD (continuing professional development include a range of education activities to enhance profession competencies and good practice) is one program that has been developed to help clinicians to maintain updated evidence-based practice and theories (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). CPD has been used for postgraduate nurse and also undergraduate nursing students. The purpose for these activities are to help health professionals to assess their feelings, connect new knowledge with experience and expose value issues (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). Incident reflection is one of the techniques, however critical analysis can be painful experience sometimes because it might bring discomfort feeling like anger, frustration, grief and guilty ( Rachel, Joanna, Emma, PaulFehmidah, 2010). And participants of CIR (critical incident report) do not always feel supportive on difficult practice situation. A safer and more supportive environment is needed for clinician to discuss about the incident thus improve the understanding of the specific clinical practice and avoid incidents (Rachel etl, 2010). Through out the reported experimentation of small group of occupational therapists, it is found that discussing on current situation and interventions that can still be change will produce less negative feelings and encourage clinicians to transform the advance eve nt into a learning opportunity compare to talk about the past incident and act that cannot be changed (Rachel etl, 2010). A real issue of concern is the best trigger for clarifies meaning in policy and procedure and change in conceptual perspective. Practitioners can take this reflective process to review their knowledge and find out the assumptions for the cause of their specific intervention then improve in the future practice (Rachel etl, 2010).Different from instrumental education, reflective learning is aiming to revise clinicians’ previous knowledge and form a new understanding and commitment to act. Continuously use of reflection on clinical incident is a lifelong learning cycle which can effectively develop a self-evaluation and self-regulation process (Rachel etl, 2010). Another element that can cause the clinical incident is the workplace stress, it can include the inadequate distribution of workload and distressing working environment which involve the unit coordinator and the co-workers on the ward. For professionals who work in the health care field, stress is a significant issue. Datas shows that particular nurses are at high risk for occupational burnout and physical and psychological fatigue (Jacoba, Anja, Ellen, Hugo J., Arnold B.Bert J., 2011). In the study of THOR psychiatrists in UK, health and social welfare professionals are found to be the group with highest incident of work that related to metal unhealthy in 2003-2005 (Jacoba etl, 2011). Manage intervention and stress-related incident can contribute to presence or absence of potential hazards in the work environment. (Jacoba etl, 2011) Management involves plan, administrate and evaluate the risk assessments and intervention. Leadership and the model of management have been constantly reported as the main reason of workplace stress in nursing. There is an association between low management and poor psychological health in clinical nurses, found that low manager support was associated with poor psychological well-being in nurses (Jacoba etl, 2011). Managing workload and resources are often referred than other competency (Jacoba etl, 2011). In specific, managers of the unit need to monitor the workload of the team and individual staff whether the workload is overly high or low. Design reasonable and achievable goals and deadlines (Jacoba etl, 2011). It is the manager’s responsibilities to refuse additional workload for the team members. In one case of a supportive work environment. Staff was interviewed for her feeling about the management. â€Å"She recognises rightly that the work is too much for one person so that was good. Something about her, yes, her caving in and giving me an admin support person when I needed it, made such a difference to my stress levels, it was fantastic (Jacoba etl, 2011).† On the other hand, insufficient management lead to failure in coping with the assigned workload and increasing pressure level (Jacoba etl, 2011). Cause of that can be various including the manager is lack of awareness of pressure level of the team or the manager misinterpret the knowledge level and type of work. Nurses who work in this type of environment always feel busy and stressful and find it difficult to cope with (Jacoba etl, 2011). â€Å"I’ve begun to lie about the amount of work I have. What I’ve discovered is my boss, she doesn’t show it on her face, but I think she becomes quite stressed out herself by hearing how much work I have outstanding (Jacoba etl, 2011).† When the managers are passing the pressure and deadline to the team, the team members will then pass the pressure to others which can be clients and other health professionals or students. In the end the quality of care will declined and the risk of clinical incident can increase (Jacoba etl, 2011). From the customer’s perspective, hospital consistently emphasized on the feedback and complains of the ( Heejung June, 2012). In fact, education for patient about their treatment is essential for preventing clinical incident and building good therapeutic relationship ( Heejung June, 2012). In this clinical incident, if the client was told how the under-water seal drainage system work, the nursing student might be able to be stopped from emptying the under-water seal container The values of complaints is to improving the quality of care and enhancing the process of recovery ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers are given the right of doubting the competence of practice. When it comes to handling complaints, usually there is an adverse event or poor practice, it is not a preventive strategy for clinical incidents ( Heejung June, 2012). Also, customers complaints can be challenge for the contacted nurse and there has poor evidence of how the nurse handle the compliant from clients. An exchange relationship benefit in develop trust with customers over time ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers diagonosis and treatment need to be fully explained and customers should always involved in clinical decision making. The core concept here is emphasizing the benefit of building emotional bonding between patients and nurses ( Heejung June, 2012). Literature has shown the positive connection between health relationship and customer satisfaction. Also, well-built relationship with the customers tend to reduce the rate of failure in practice or adverse event ( Heejung June, 2012). Incident report As I considered, in this scenario, JC and shift coordinator need to be notified with patient’s complaint of SOB and further interventions (like refill and connect the water-seal container ) need to be consulted. During that period of time, patient’s vital signs should be closely monitored. Also the first year RN and the student need to commence incident report. Graduated nurse and student nurse may need to either perform written incident report or telephone incident report. Report incident on telephone, a nurse or student need to be able to identify him/herself, the ward, the client, the presenting issue and patient background information and current assessment ( Sonja, Regula, Bernd, DanielFranziska, 2013). If there have orders been administrated, nurse must identify the order. Beside that, nurse should also consult for managing order in reasonable time frame. This model is called SBAR and has been used for many facility, situation (S), background (B), assessment (A) and recommendation (R) (Sonja etl, 2013). To evaluate the effectiveness of a verbal clinical incident report there are three categories which emphasize on ability for listener to understand and receiving information. Firstly, at the beginning of the report, patient’s problem should be clear described which creating a conscious recognition of patient’s situation (Jacqueline A., 2014). Base on the aware of patient primary issue, the listener can have a better understanding. Secondly, information should be provided in standardize order to enhance efficiency (Jacqueline A., 2014). For example, the patient had two sets of obs done, instead of report it separately, compare it and exhibit the decline or change in patient’s status help listener to process information within minimum time. Thirdly, key factors should be focused in the incident report, thus nursed should avoid descriptive and subjective information (Jacqueline A., 2014). This benefit the health team toward clear diagnosis specially in a emergency situation. For the graduate nurse and student nurse, the ability of effectively communication with the health care team is vital in ensuring patient safety and preventing clinical incidents (Sonja etl, 2013). Expectation for graduate nurse in a clinical incident report is assess critical issue of a patient’s experience and effectively report to health team, unfortunately, graduate nurses and nursing students are rarely preform this skill and receive positive feedback from the health team about the quality of their report (Sonja etl, 2013). Clinical decisions skill is another important expectation of the graduate nurse and nursing student (Sonja etl, 2013). In the dimension of clinical decision-making, clear communication is one of the marking score. Clinical decision making involve other sills like background assessment of the patient, identify the major concern of patient’s current situation. Head to toe assessment and ability to provide appropriate recommendations for current situation (Sonja etl, 2013).

Ethics and Compliance Paper Essay

Starting in Seattle with one store, Starbucks has grown across the country and has become a household name delivering one of the best tasting coffees in existence. The first Starbucks opened in 1971, serving fresh roasted coffees. â€Å"Today, more than 15,000 stores in 50 countries, Starbucks are the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world† (Starbucks, para. 7, 2010). The organization has been successful because of excellent managerial skills and implementing sound business decisions. Starbucks mission statement reads as follows: â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time† (Starbucks, 2010, p. 1). The company values its relationships with communities, its stores, business partners, shareholders, and employees. Responsible ethical character and compliance helps the Starbucks brand protect its reputation. This paper will explain the role of ethics, procedures, Securities and Exchange Com mission (SEC) compliance, and evaluate the financial performance of the Starbucks organization. Ethics and Compliance Policies A successful organization builds its reputation on honesty and trust displayed to customers and business partners. Starbucks conducts business in an ethical manner that protects reputation and supports its culture by unceasingly striving to do what is right. Starbucks has a commitment to company values that successfully employs a Business Conduct Helpline and a Business Conduct Web-line for questions and guidance. Starbucks has incorporated an Anti-Retaliation Policy and does not tolerate retaliation against anyone reporting misconduct. The organization is an equal opportunity employer and use best practices in the hiring process. Business practices include and are not limited to accurate and truthful business transactions and comply with laws and regulations in any country the company operates in, and encourage partners to understand and adhere to the rules. Starbucks has an outside agent who facilitates and ensures an honest and ethical relationship with government officials throughout the international arena. Partners associated with the Starbucks brand must practice ethical conduct in sales, services, and promote fair competition. Matters dealing with conflicts of interest, gifts and entertainment, and securities are also addressed and implemented by the company. The company closely monitors proprietary information such as new ideas, company records including financial and audit details. Starbucks explains the Ethical Decision-Making Framework to identify ethical issues, give any possible solutions, pursue ideas from others, and take the best approach to resolve unethical matters and follow-up on results. The aforementioned framework empowers each Starbucks associate and affiliate to take responsibility to help maintain Starbucks ethical and honest reputation. â€Å"Ethical behavior is doing the right thing, and ethical dilemmas are everywhere in finance† (Keown, Martin, Petty & Scott, para. 1, 2005). Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulations According to Ethisphere.com, (2010), Starbucks is one of the most ethical companies in the world for 2010. One of the key points to being an ethical business is to file reports for investors, government bodies, and the public to view. Starbucks complies in one way with the ethics policies set in place by the directors and organization by providing accurate data. The financial records of Starbucks are available to the investors, public and government in a timely manner via the website. The requirement set by the Securities Exchange Committee for a public business is to provide accurate reports in a timely manner. Starbucks publishes an annual report to the Starbucks website for anyone to find via the Internet. The annual report contains cash flow statements of income and expenses. The reports show that Starbucks is performing well even during a tough economic time. The annual report also contains a statement of Starbucks critical accounting policies. Starbucks believes that critical accounting practices are important. Starbucks considers its policies an asset impairment, stock-based compensation, operating leases, self insurance reserves and income taxes to be the most critical in understanding the judgments which are involved in preparing the consolidated financial statements, as stated in the annual report on Starbucks website, (2010). Financial Ratios for the Past Two Years Starbuck’s financial records allow investors, the government, and the public to have a firsthand look into the financial stability of the company. The financial records are available for several years; this allows the long-term financial success of the company to be easily accessible and available anyone wanting to know about the company. As an investor with interest in expanding into Starbucks there are several things the investor should look for. The current ratio allows investors the ability to measure how well a company can pay back short-term debt (Keown, Martin, Petty, & Scott, 2005). Starbucks ability to pay back debt in 2009, increased over 2008. In 2008 Starbucks closed several unprofitable locations (Starbucks Investor Relations- Financial Release, 2009) resulting in the decrease of overhead costs for those locations; allowing for additional funds and increasing the ability for Starbucks to pay back short-term debt. This increases the stability of Starbucks. The availability of extra funds allows Starbucks the opportunity to invest those funds in profitable time value investments. The funds could be invested in the company for improvements or costs for innovate new products. The extra funds could also pay necessary expenses outright. This allows the company to have lower amounts of outstanding credit or loans. The lower the amount of outstanding loans and credit allows for lower credit fees and lower costs. *Current Ratio 2009 2008 Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities 599.81581.0 269.82189.7 37.93% 12.32% Investors can also look at the Debt Ratio of Starbucks. The debt ratio shows the amount of debt a company carries in relation to their assets (Keown, Martin, Petty, & Scott, 2005). Companies must carry some debt to do business effectively. However, the company does not want to carry too much debt. Starbucks has expenses that must be paid for; some of these can be paid using credit. However, the company should ensure they are not charging unnecessarily. Starbucks must also show they are paying off their debt. Starbucks debt ratio decreased from 56.08% in 2008 to 45.38% in 2009 (Starbucks Investor Relations- Financial Release, 2009). Tends in the Ratios This shows a positive financial trend. The company had larger debt in 2008 and was able to repay a good portion of the debt without increasing debt somewhere else in the company, ultimately lower the overall debt of the company. This positive trend will increase the credit status of Starbucks. This will allow the company to have credit available if needed in the future. *Debt Ratio 2009 2008 Total DebtTotal Assets 2531.15576.8 3181.75672.6 45.38% 56.08% Investors can also look at the Return on Equity Ratio. The Return on Equity Ratio measure the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholder equity (Keown, Martin, Petty, & Scott, 2005). The main reason investors invest into companies is to make money!! If the investor does not make a sizable return on their investment, they may take their money and decide to invest elsewhere!! The investor wants to have confidence the company is going to make solid decisions that will increase the profitability of the shareholders. Starbucks has seen a decrease in Return on Equity. In 2008 Starbucks Return on equity was 21.10% and in 2009 it fell to 19.64% (Starbucks Investor Relations- Financial Release, 2009). This is a negative trend for Starbucks. Investors do not want to lose money! The decrease was minimal, yet it was a decrease. Overall the company has solid financials. This one negative issue can become a major problem if Starbucks continues to make decisions that allow shareholders equity to decrease. *Return on Equity 2009 2008 Net Income Common Equity 598.23045.7 525.82490.9 19.64% 21.10% *All numbers are in millions Conclusion In conclusion, Starbucks has proven itself to be a good investment for any investor. The organization has been in the business for 30 years and has showed substantial growth throughout. The organization started out with one location and has grown to over 15,000, which are located throughout the globe. The organization as a whole strives to uphold ethical behavior, not only set by the SEC but as well as for them. Not only does the organization uphold a high ethical behavior for them but as well only does business with those who have the same mentality. This was proven by being ranked one of the most ethical places to work and this was according to Ethisphere.com. Even though there was a small decrease in the return on equity from 2008 to 2009, which consequently could be because of the recession that most businesses have been affected by, Starbucks has still proven strong that the organization is still a good investment. The organization has shown an increase in profit and a decrease in debt. All and all, Starbucks is a good investment for anyone who is interested in getting into the business, which the organization has shown through good business decisions and ethical behaviors. Reference Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., Petty, W. J., & Scott, D. F. (2005). Financial Management: Principles and Applications. Pearson Prentice Hall. Retrieved online on November 22, 2010 located at https://portal.phoenix.edu/classroom/coursematerials/fin_370/20101109/. Starbucks Investor Relations- Financial Release. (2009, 11 4). Retrieved November 20, 2010, from Starbucks: http://investor.starbucks.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=99518&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1492291&highlight= SEC. Gov, (2010). The Investor’s Advocate: How the SEC Protects Investors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation. Retrieved on November 22, 2010 online located at http://www.sec.gov/about/laws/sea34.pdf Starbucks. (2010). About Us. Retrieved online on November 22, 2010 from http://www.Starbucks.com Starbucks website, (2010). Investor relations. Retrieved on November 22, 2010 from Starbucks website http://www.starbucks.com Starbucks website, (2010). Annual Report. Retrieved from Starbucks website on November 20, 2010: http://www.starbucks.com

Whaling: A Narrow Vision of the Future

Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological organisations vote for an international ban on whaling to give whale populations a chance for a rebound. The current paper discusses the pros and cons of an international ban on whaling. The paper seeks to prove that there should be no international ban on whaling, as long as whaling benefits economies and medical research. The paper tries to deny an assumption that a moratorium on whaling can give whales a chance to rebound sufficiently and, instead, promotes an idea that legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing whaling operations all over the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 Whaling: A Brief Insight 4 An International Ban On Whaling: The Benefits of Legalisation 6 Whaling: A Never Ending Debate? 8 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 References 11 WHALING: A NARROW VISION OF THE FUTURE Introduction Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of scientists and ecological organisations argue for an international ban on whaling and view such a ban as the only way to restore whale populations in global marine ecosystems. Thousands of others are confident that an international ban on whaling will not benefit animals: the decreasing number of whales is the reflection of the natural processes which no ban can stop. The history of whaling dates back thousands years ago. People hunted whales as long as they had boats and could sail. Today, whaling has become a convenient object of speculations and no one has been able to justify the need for an international ban so far. Objectively, there should be no international ban on whaling because whaling benefits economies and medical research, and legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing the number of whales hunted and killed for commercial purposes. Whaling: A Brief Insight Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological and animal rights organisations argue that an international ban on whaling is necessary to give whales a chance to restore their populations. The estimated number of Blue Whales today is less than 3500; in 1931 alone, almost 30,000 Blue Whales were killed for commercial purposes. The current population of Blue Whales represents less than 1% of the total number of whales killed between 1910 and 1969. However, it was not before 1966 that an official moratorium on commercial whaling was provided, to afford a good beginning on the long journey to recovery. Whaling dates back to the times when humans started to build boats – thousands of years ago, whaling was one of the most widely used forms of hunting. For thousands of years, whales had served excellent sources of food, wax, and oil. Hunters valued them even more for their size and the quantity of various resources they could provide at once. Only by the middle of the 1870s did whale oil products give place to oil products based on petroleum and since then, whales have been mostly used for meat. Today, Japan and Norway are considered as the biggest threat to whales – these countries, plus Iceland, seek to lift the ban on whaling by all possible means. More importantly, these countries continue hunting whales despite the moratorium on whaling brought in in 1986. Norway is hunting whales in the North Atlantic; American Eskimos and Russian northern aboriginals are allowed to hunt whales in small quantities to meet their needs for food. Japan actively engages in whaling, to pursue the needs and goals of medical research. Notwithstanding the potential benefits of the ban on whaling, this ban is likely to cause serious economic difficulties. Today, no international ban on whaling should exist, because whaling is associated with significant economic benefits, because whales serve the needs of medical research and, finally, because legal whaling will facilitate monitoring the number of whales hunted and killed for commercial purposes. An International Ban on Whaling: The Benefits of Legalisation That whaling is the source of both direct and indirect economic benefits is difficult to deny, and there should be no international ban on whaling, to let different countries meet their economic needs. The inner markets for whale products are too small to support the countries like Norway and Iceland. The latter continue hunting whales, according to the quotas that had been set by the International Whaling Commission. Japan and Norway fail to meet their sales targets and lose significant financial resources due to the small quotas and the lack of hunting opportunities. In 2008 alone, Japan lost more than $20 million â€Å"whaling† dollars, which could have been directed to support various economic social programmes; in the similar fashion, Norway is experiencing difficulties with its whale product markets. Given the difficult economic situation, whaling could become an excellent opportunity for countries like Norway and Japan to generate additional jobs and to use whale products as an extremely valuable export item. Before the moratorium on whaling in 1986, the share of whale products in Norwegian exports accounted for 2 percent of all marine products and, simultaneously, for more than 70 percent of the total merchandise products on average. There should be no international ban on whaling, because it limits economic opportunities of sea countries and does not give them a chance to improve their economic situation. Whaling is the source of numerous indirect advantages. Indirect benefits of whaling arise from the link between commercial whaling, the size of natural whale populations, and the size of fish stocks. Because whales are the largest consumers of fish stock in the North Atlantic, they threaten the stability of numerous other fish stocks, including krill and cod. Although the relationships between whales and other fish populations are increasingly complex, scientists assume that whale stocks around Iceland could lead to the 10 percent decline in other fish stocks, including cod stocks. Given that the annual sustainable yield of the cod stock is no less than 350 thousand tons, a ban on whaling could cost Iceland 35 thousand tons of cod stock every year – a number too significant for a small country like Iceland. There should be no international ban on whaling, based on the premise that whales were and remain an important object of medical research. Whales are equally important for human and animal research, and it would be fair to say that an international ban on whaling will significantly reduce the existing medical research opportunities. As a result, an international ban on whaling will wane the hopes of those who seek a cure for the most difficult diseases. Since the middle of the 20th century, whales had been hunted and used for their hypophyses. The number of whale hypophyses dropped with time and their popularity declined, but they made a profound contribution to the development of medical research and pharmacology. Whales’ pancreases were extensively used in the production of insulin. Whales used to be an effective source of growth hormones for people; the hormones were extracted from whales’ thymus glands. Today, the world must think twice before an international ban on whaling becomes a reality. The world must avoid banning whaling activity in the future, to give medical researchers sufficient opportunities to pursue their research goals. Although the topic of animal research is increasingly controversial, it is not within the scope of this paper to discuss the pros and cons of such research. Simultaneously, it is clear that despite all limitations, researchers will continue to apply to the benefits of animal research, to enhance the efficiency of their research operations. In the current state of medical knowledge, whales present a valuable opportunity to help people with complex diagnoses. In general terms, any ban on whaling is likely to result in significant negative changes and serious losses, both economic and scientific. Nevertheless, ecological and animal rights organisations continue asserting that such a ban is necessary to restore the number of whales in natural marine ecosystems. Whaling and Nature: A Never Ending Debate? That whale populations decline and need a chance to restore their number is the central argument ecological organisations use to support the need on an international ban on whaling. Needless to say, whale populations do decline but whether whaling is the direct cause of ecological problems is difficult to define. The current state of research provides compelling evidence that the decline in the number of living whales is natural, and no ban can change it. The argument in favor of an international ban on whaling exemplifies a recurrent conflict between perception and rhetoric, and while more and more scientists vote for an international ban on whaling, even more scientists and organisations come to recognise the irrelevance of such a ban. The fact is in that scientists lack scientific evidence to prove that whale populations, including Atlantic humpbacks, can rebound sufficiently due to an international ban on whaling. Another question is in whether an international ban on whaling and, as a result, the growing number of whales is likely to misbalance the global marine ecosystem. Throughout the last centuries, the number of whales had been constantly declining. Whether more whales work for the better or the worse of the ecological system is still the issue of the major concern. The historical data regarding the number of whales that lived in the international ecosystems and were hunted throughout the last two-three centuries implies that whales living in super-abundance do not benefit ecological systems but, on the contrary, can â€Å"eat out the oceans as fast as they can go†. Scientific assumptions about potential extermination of whales are based on numbers – scientists believe that the rapidly declining number of whales during the last two centuries indicates the threat which whaling poses to the stability of whale and other fish populations in various marine ecosystems. However, before an international ban on whaling becomes a reality, scientists must decide what natural effects it will produce and whether it is worth banning whaling for the sake of insignificant changes in whale populations. Moreover, it would be fair to assume that even in case of such a ban, countries will continue their whaling activities; and not a ban but legalisation of whaling will give ecological organisations better opportunities to manage and monitor various whaling activities. Murray (2010) is correct, saying that the resumption of limited legal whaling will help organisations reign control of the practice and will, ultimately, save the lives of almost 18,000 whales every year. If ecologists seek effective means to restore whale populations, there is no way for them better than making whaling legal, acceptable, and widely spread. Conclusion Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological organisations vote for an international ban on whaling, to give whales a chance to restore their populations. There should be no international ban on whaling. Whaling is the source of significant economic benefits. Whaling benefits economies through more jobs and higher export profits. Indirect benefits of whaling imply an opportunity to preserve numerous fish stocks, including krill and cod, which whales consume in thousands. Whales benefit medical research and give a hope to cure the most complex human diseases. That the number of whales gradually declines is not necessarily the result of whaling but a natural process which no ban can stop. Legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing whaling operations, and if ecologists seek effective means to control whale population there is no way for them better than to make whaling legal and acceptable. Recommendations Whaling should be legalised. Governments and ecological organisations must develop a system of quotas and limits to the annual number of whales available for hunting. A system of monitoring must be developed to control the number of whales killed for commercial purposes and the changes in whale populations in various ecosystems.

my dawg essays

my dawg essays OK... Im going to ask you to listen very carefully. Im going to be real straight forward here and I dont want you to think there is any underlying feelings here so take this word for word. The second worst thing you could do to me is not talk to me. The absolute worst thing you could do to me is not talk to me because u think Im mad at you. I understand you think that Im bitter about this but youre wrong. I guess youre not trying to talk to me about what happened between you and mike because u think Ill get mad or upset or you think it will hurt me. Actually you not talking to me about whats going on IS what is really making me so upset. You are compromising my integrity by thinking (after all the conversations weve had about this) that I would be upset at YOU about your decision to stay with mike. That makes me think, that you think, that I am just that shallow. You have to talk to me. I dont care how. I have so much respect for your painstaking decision that you had to ma ke about this, and Ive told u time after time that I wanted you to do whatever made you most happy. Even though (and I told myself I wasnt gonna say this) it really sucks for me. Another thing... we talked every night for about two weeks for hours on end, which did mean a lot to me... Then one day I get a 4 line E-mail that just scares and confuses the hell out of me. I send out a novel and dont hear from your for a week. I still havent heard from you. Now I know youve been sick and Im NOT mad. I just want you to know that the last week that I havent talked to you has really sucked for that reason. I have no idea if you miss me or not and I have to assume that you dont because youve made no attempt to talk to me. Right now I think you just want me to go away so you can just move on with mike or whatever. I dont und ...

Bronchitis essays

Bronchitis essays Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi. It may develop suddenly, following a head cold (acute bronchitis), or it may persist or return regularly for many years, causing progressive degeneration of the bronchi and lungs (chronic bronchitis). Certain people are more susceptible than others; Men are more of a target to bronchitis than women, out numbering them 10 to 1 cc the reasons are unclear. Of course smokers are 50 times more likely to get chronic bronchitis than noncsmokers. Acute bronchitis is a bacteria or virus infection, often following a cold smoking. People who have acute bronchitis usually have a mild fever, soreness under breast bone, irritated by coughing. First they have a dry cough then the cough later brings up green and yellow mucus. The cough may persist to 4 to 6 weeks. Chronic bronchitis is produced by other chronic problem: sinusitis, smoking, TB, etc. The Bronchi becomes thick, inelastic, and accumulate mucus and pus in lower part of lungs instead of bringing discharges up and out. The result is chronic cough, shortness of breath, sometimes spasm, and frequent infection. In acute bronchitis, the basic symptoms are a head cold, fever and chills, running nose, aching muscles and possibly back pains. This is soon followed by the obvious persistent cough. At first the cough is dry and racking and eventually becomes phlegmy. The persistent cough is worse at night than during the day, and when the person breathes in smoke and fumes. The main symptoms most recognized in chronic bronchitis is, again, a cough, with sputum, often occurring in paroxysms. Other symptoms in chronic bronchitis are dependant on how much, or how little, emphysema is present. This disorder causes the lungs to become overstretched, making the breathing process difficult. The chronic bronchitic with no emphysema tends to be overweight and often has a bluish tinge to his or her li...

Age Discrimination in the Society Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Age Discrimination in the Society - Term Paper Example When employment becomes scarce and population continues to increase, there is a tendency to change job qualifications from skill-focused to the overall qualities of the prospective employee. This includes the age, when it is not really necessary for the job description. The law protects the employment of the citizens aged 40 and above, and is not applicable for any "reasonable factor other than age" (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, n.d.). The law against age discrimination provides an equal employment opportunity for all Americans and helps them reach their full potential as employees with regard to their qualifications. Age discrimination hurts not only the people directly affected by it, but also in the overall effect of morality and the country’s economic thrusts. Age Discrimination and the Society Joyce Kalivas-Griffin, 57, and an experienced school teacher, believes that she failed to get a job she applied for because of her age (Linn, 2010). While she cries for age discrimination, Joyce's situation is not a solitary case in the world of employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission reports that there is a "33 percent increase in the number of age discrimination complaints filed during the past two fiscal years combined" (Linn, 2010). The impact of age discrimination does not only magnify the unequal treatment of aged employees despite their contribution and experience, but also reflects the superficial perspective of employers when it comes to choosing the right candidate for a job position. The law states, however, that the employer has the right to advertise age requirement only if it is necessary for the job. ... For instance, a man in his mid-50 was laid off because of his age. He is the breadwinner of his family and the sole provider for his children concerning education, food and shelter. His wife, on the other hand, is a plain housewife. His loss of employment has an immediate effect to him and to his family in a sense that the source of income is completely gone. Consider the effect it would bring to this 50-year old man. For so long, his family has been relying on him when it comes to everyday sustenance, and when unemployment comes as a shock, it would be harder for him to recover both financially and emotionally. The feeling of worthlessness enslaves the discriminated man and consequently affects his health due to stress. The money saved within the duration of employment reserved for his retirement years would be spent. The worst thing is, the savings may not be enough to compensate and would force him to resort to debts. According to McDowell (n.d.), the struggle of the victims of ag e discrimination may range from economic difficulties to psychological problems. Denial is a common form of self-preservation in this kind of case. When discriminated because of age, old people tend to do everything just to look younger and prove that they are still capable of doing the task as efficiently as the younger ones. They also resort to self-pity, detrimental to their overall psychological health. Butler (1975) said that victims of age discrimination wished â€Å"they were dead† at a certain point in their senior lives. Personal effects of age discrimination affect the person in all aspects of his life. What is unseen, however, is the impact it can bring to the nation’s economy as a whole. Personal debt is one of the economic constraints of employment discrimination, but

Expansion of Airport and Health Issues Case Study

Expansion of Airport and Health Issues - Case Study Example Air emissions are generally defined as "The release of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources and vehicles" (Business Dictionary). This indicates that the multi-source context should include air emissions from the expansion of the airport, the existing airport, local industries, homes, and vehicular exhaust. In order to be in the proper context it must also consider other exposure risks of asthma within the communities of concern. The Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology reports these risks to include animal dander, pollen, cigarette smoke, weather changes, scented products, food products, medications and emotional stress to name a few (Topic; January 2007). It is my belief that the airport acted properly by responding to concerns that the citizens put forth. The Federal Aviation Administration order titled Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environmental Pollution at FAA Facilities specifically requires the establishment of policies pertaining to environmental pollution at all of its facilities (1). These concerns are required to be addressed according to the National Environmental Policy Act: Implementing Instructions for Airport Projects at a very early stage and must be prepared to address the concerns of the community to avoid just such a conflict (Chapter 5). It is my belief that the proper multi-source context was established by the airport. That context requires them to include the air emissions of the existing airport to allow them to establish the risk of exposure due to the expansion. However, to consider the exposure risks of the existing airport as part of the exposure risks of the expansion is out of context. In this case it appears that the proper context has not been clearly defined and established between the concerned parties. The citizen groups maintain that their source of asthma is attributed solely to the air emissions as a result of the operations of the airport, and have thus failed to approach to problem in proper context. Clearly the citizen groups will benefit from the expertise of health care and risk professionals for help with their concerns. It is commonly accepted that citizens expect experts and officials to get involved in making decisions that affect communities; they do not think they should be left to the desires of corporate decisions without proper investigation and monitoring by local and national agencies designed to protect them. For this reason it is important that the airport planning staff recruit expert help from both local and national levels. The Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management (FEHRM) indicates that the inclusion of experts in environment, health, risk management, regulatory agencies and related industries allows for collaboration toward an acceptable conclusion for all concerned (17). The FEHRM goes on to report that collaboration of this nature is necessary to engage, interpret and deal with the variety of perspectives that each stakeholder brings to the table (17). The FEHRM clearly states that identification of problems and stakeholder involvement should occur in synchronicity early in the process and continue throughout the stages of developing a risk management assessment (13). The FERHM clearly states recommended guidelines for stakeholder invol