Wednesday, July 31, 2019

King Lear Essay

The portrayed role of King widely varies between Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ and Sophocles’ ‘Oedipus Rex’ as each has very different approaches to the position. As the plays continue however we can also draw similarities between Oedipus and King Lear. As we begin with the play ‘Oedipus Rex’ we get our first impressions of the Oedipus from the way he addresses his people, we immediately see his paternal leadership coming through as he addresses his people as ‘My children’, this is important to the reader/audience as it helps us see that he takes responsibility and sees importance in protecting his people. He also shows that there is no distance between him and his people when he says ‘I hear prayers for the sick’ this is important as it shows that not only does he hear the calls for help which shows he is in close contact but he also shows he is a hands on King as he reacted to it and is looking to help. We can compare this to the leadership of King Lear who in the opening that the King has a less enthusiastic approach to his kingdom, we learn this from the conversation from Kent and Gloucester, ‘the division of the kingdom’ shows there is far from the closeness that is experienced in Thebes, by dividing the kingdom the King is creating a competitive environment and weakens the nation considerably, this being said we can see that King Lear is not the ideal leader. The next indication of a good king is how his people address him, with the two kings it is very different indeed, by looking at the Priest who acts as the representative of the people of Thebes we learn a great deal. Immediately we can see that the fact the priest has approached the king he as confidence that the calls for help will be heard. The priests use of language is important to understand Oedipus as a king, ‘wallowing aimlessly in a sea of blood’ is an obvious over exaggeration but it also states that they look to the king as a guide, the word wallowing suggests aimless movements, Oedipus is the obvious sense of direction for Thebes, this responsibility is placed upon the king is greatly informing as without reading on we can safely assume the king has before been in the position where he has to direct his kingdom and been successful and has gained the respect and confidence of his people. To measure Oedipus’ leadership we can again compare it to that of King Lear, immediately we have seen his wishes to split his country and his terminology ‘our darker purpose’ suggests secretive acts from his people and that he has ulterior motives. We also see that Lear is planning for his early retirement, this is another indication of a poor King, it was strongly believed that Kings were appointed by God and therefore could only be freed of the burden by God, a King who makes actions to give up his role is acting not only against his people but also his faith, this highlights the scale of his selfishness and terrible leadership. Language is of high relevance to the portrayal of Oedipus as a King, the praise directed at him by the Priest is very interesting to note when comparing the two Kings with regards to what is the right and wrong way to rule a kingdom. It becomes clear to the audience that Oedipus adopts a democratic ruling as the priest says ‘if we choose’ in context this is highly respectable as democracy is a fairly modern concept and for Greece and Oedipus to have already created such methods shows great innovation and fantastic consideration for their people. To strengthen the abnormality of giving people choice we only need to look again to the Shakespeare’s King Lear, as he divides his kingdom there is no consideration for people’s choice and wishes, ‘unburthened crawl towards death’ shows his reluctance to face up to his responsibilities as a King to protect his people and keep a united nation, instead he is too besotted with personal gain, he splits his nation without regard for his people but also on a smaller scale he splits his family, ‘which of you shall we say doth love us most? This openly creates conflict, creates divisions between his daughters which is the same effect his choice will have on his kingdom. A further example of Oedipus as a strong king comes when the Priest claims he is good at the ‘business of the state’ and has a mind ‘that touches eternity, not only does this show he is very wise, has knowledge beyond measure but it shows that he does not just enjoy the glamorous aspect of his role, he understands and appreciates the importance of the ‘business of the state’ to the smooth running of his kingdom. This being said however we do learn of a slight irrationality of Oedipus where the audience is told that he sends his brother to look to the Gods for answers as to what he should do, despite the fact he operates a particularly strong democratic system for its time and has the people of Theses backing with every word and decision it seems highly surprising he leaves decisions to fate. This particular area is the only common ground that can be found between Oedipus and King Lear, even though King Lear blatantly shows little logic, as can be seen where he divides his kingdom in attempt to bring it together. Another example of his lack of reason and logic shows itself as he first banishes his youngest most loved daughter Cordelia as he coldly says she is ‘a stranger to my heart’, this is a prime example of the weak King but also character Lear is, as both a king and father he enjoys the flattering as he demands the daughters to tell him who loves him more and when he hears an answer which he doesn’t like he reacts irrationally and banishes Cordelia from his Kingdom that he was once willing to give the larger share to only if she flattered him. Similarly, a voice of reason and logic comes through Kent but he is halted by King Lear as he threatens Kent with his life by saying ‘Kent, on thy life, no more’ again this is an example of his poor skills when in confrontation, Kent tries to make King Lear see sense but by saying something he doesn’t want to hear he is threatened with his life. There are many techniques used by both Shakespeare and Sophocles which both display examples of ruling, from the democratic Oedipus to the irrational leadership of King Lear.

Example of a Debate Speech

Thank you Madam Speaker. A very good morning I would like to wish to the honourable adjudicators, precise timekeepers, fellow members of the government, members of the opposition and members of the floor. We are gathered here today to debate on a very important motion that is THBT physically challenged people should not be seperated in schools. And, we, the government strongly back this motion. To address this motion, please allow me to start off by specifying my role and the role of my fellow members of the government.I, as the Prime Minister, have the main task in hand in which I have to state the motion, which I have already done earlier. Next, I will highlight some of the keywords and define the motion of today’s debate. Following this, I will present the first point of the government in order to support our stand. The role of my deputy here is to rebut the points given by the opposition leader and he will go on to present two additional new points that will further suppor t the government’s stand.Finally, the third speaker of the government has the task as the whip of the government to rebut all the points given and put forward by the opposition. Now, ladies and gentlemen, allow me to point out some keywords that we the government, find to of the government, in order to support our stand. The government defines ‘physically challenged’ as any form of impairment that limits the mobility and function of the body. we also define ‘people’ as students, staff and teachers in a school. e also define ‘school’ as an institution for educating students. we the government, agree that physically challenged people should not be seperated in schools on the grounds that it isn’t up to us to deny their rights to mainstream education to be part of the school community. ladies and gentlemen, allow me to move on to the governments first point of the day. that is physically challenged people can be part of the society b y having self motivation. y sharing the same school at their young ages, physically challenged people have the chance to build their self motivation. everyone has their own aspiration and ambitions that serve to define themselves in their lives. self motivation comes from within the person. being able to compete with more physically able students personally makes a physically challenged student to get rid of his/her prejudice of him/herself(lack of physical abilities makes him/her unable to compete mentally with normal students), thus motivating and purring the individual to move forward. put it at a way that you were able to beat one of your classmates that is more â€Å"complete† than you, how would that make you feel? of course, it makes you feel better of yourself. proving that nothing is impossible for you to do. for example, muhammad rosli and ahmad of sekolah kebangsaan seksyen 27 in shah alam were born as conjoined twins and now succesfully seperated following an oper ation in saudi arabia in 2002. venthough they were not like normal students, they still manage to get good results in their upsr which was 4a’s and 1b in 2011 and are still educated in a normal school. this relates back to being part of the society by having the attention of being able to do something you’re more capable of. just imagine, ladies and gentlemen if they did not share the same school with normal people at their young ages, they probally would not get the self motivation needed for their future adulthoods being in the society itself. great statistics to prove this is that, the national resources centre on learning disablity found that graduation rates of all students with disabilties in the u. s increased to 14% from 1984 to 1997. this report differentiate between students enrolled in mainstreaming inclusive or segregated programs for teachers, they are not supose to be seperated too. the qualification of one being a teacher is already tested before they be came teacher. bypassing the test this proves that they have the skills and capability of being a teacher, and why be seperated?. or example, stephen william hawkings, he cant move his whole body, but he still is an inspiriation to all in the field astronomy and lectures people. you need to accept who you are, accept everything about yourself. you are who you are, that’s your beginning and that’s your end. by sharing the same school with normal students, the physical challenged also can have the oppurtunity to learn or at least adapt other alternatives to provide them access to normal education. it doesn’t mean that if a person has a limitation to do something, that person can’t do it at all. et’s put it in a simpler way, if a person is neither deaf nor blind but can not walk, does it mean you cant learn like normal students? for example, nick vujicic is a man without limbs, who only has a foot with two toes, he went to an ordinary school and now he is a succesful motivator. at his early ages he had problems but overcame it by realizing that he was not alone in his struggles and began to embrace his disabilty. he learned to write using two toes on his left foot with a special grip that slid into his big toe. e learned to use a computer and type using the â€Å"heel and toe† method. he learned to throw tennis balls, play drum pedals, get himself a glass of water, comb his hair, brush his teeth, answer the phone and even shave. this shows that even a person without any limbs can adapt other alternatives to do normal things like normal people do. adapting other alternatives is a true skill. physically disable students adapt these alternatives, by mingling with the other students since their childhood. ure, you might think that things will be more complicated and difficult for the challenged people who are in mainstream schools compared to special schools, but if things were too easy for them at the beginning, would they ma nage to handle what they will face in the future? before i take my seat, i would like to reaffirm our stand that is we the government, agree that physically challenged people should not be seperated in schools on the grounds that it isn’t up to us to deny their rights to mainstream education to be part of the school community. With that i rest my case.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Poems-in the Shadow of Signal Hill Essay

In the Shadow of Signal Hill Signal Hill is a strikingly shaped hill or small peak overlooking the harbour of Cape Town. It has been used as a lookout post since the early days of the Cape colony. From it, the viewer can see Robben Island, the bare scar where the suburb of District Si stood before its occupants were evicted and its buildings demolished and Langa, a black township on the outskirts of suburban Cape Town. The overall significance of the title of the poem is that â€Å"Signal Hill† represents the higher, white authority or white government of the Apartheid era. The fact that it is a hill implies how the white government saw themselves as the superior party, the party that was raised above the nation they control. The part â€Å"in the shadow† of Signal Hill represents the black people who suffered under the Apartheid regime. They were the people who had to live in the shadows of the white government. The government overshadowed their whole lives and basically made their choices for them. The word â€Å"shadow† also bears a connotation of fear in general. When one looks at children’s books, one will notice that the antagonist in the stories would be a â€Å"shadowy figure†. Therefore the â€Å"Shadow of Signal Hill† suggests the white government is the antagonist in terms of them being wrong in what they are doing – which is initiating Apartheid in South Africa. 1. in the howling wind 2. by the murky waters 3. of the sea a cold, unpleasant atmosphere is created. Metaphor: howling wind might refer to the cries of the black people, their pleads for freedom and equality. 4. children of colour – refers to coloureds, Asians, black people and all others who suffered under the Apartheid regime. 5. gather shells 6. and hold them to their ears 7. and listen to the lamentations of slaves – cries/ weeping of the slaves. â€Å"lamentations† connects with â€Å"howling wind† which emphasises the suffering of the black and coloured people. 8. in the dungeon of death  since the children listen to the cries of the slaves in the dungeon of death while holding shells to their ears, it is possible that the shells can be a metaphor for the dungeon of death, which, in turn, is a metaphor for the situation the slaves or coloured and black people are in. This symbolises the helplessness of black people. 9. in the howling wind 10. by the murky waters 11. of the sea repetition of the first three lines adds emphasis to them. 12. sons of langa – Langa was a black township on the outskirts of suburban Cape Town. Langa not only represents the houses of the township, it also refers to the people who lived in Langa, therefore Langa is a community. â€Å"sons of langa† – the generation of the townships. This implies that the future generations will also be affected by Apartheid, whether it has ended or not. 13. gather at the ruins of district six 14. and sharpen the spears of the night 15. and the heroes from the island urge This possibly represents someone like Nelson Mandela, the infamous freedom-fighter. 16. go towards the fiery dawn . . . fiery: to be angry: the speaker suggests that the coloured or black people are angry, as it is expected since they have been treated like slaves by the white government for most of their lives. †fiery dawn† also suggest that an â€Å"angry break of day†, meaning that the coloured people wake up angry in the mornings. They are angry and frustrated with their circumstances. dawn: -the beginning of a phenomenon or period of time. -the break of day. Here it is suggested that the â€Å"fiery dawn† is indeed a new period of time which will commence. (The time of post-Apartheid.) The coloured people are angry and will take this anger and fight for their freedom. . . .: the ellipse is used effectively instead of a full stop. A full stop would end the poem. But the ellipse signals that the poem is not finished yet. It also resembles time passing. This symbolises that slavery will never come to an end, and no matter how much time passes, Apartheid will always be in the minds of the future generations. But they will keep on fighting for freedom in the future until the government treats everyone equally. About the poet: Patel is a committed political poet and worked on various poems regarding the aspect of politics. About the poem: â€Å"In the Shadow of Signal Hill† is an example of a protest poem. The poem has no punctuation marks or capital letters. This adds to the protest of the speaker. By ignoring common English grammar rules he strengthens the idea of protesting. The layout of the poem represents the waves of the ocean and the ebb and flow. The different lengths in sentences mimic the sea crashing onto the shore (represented by the longer sentences) and the retreating of the sea (represented by the short sentences. No punctuation marks means no stopping or pausing when one reads the poem. This also represents the image of the sea; the sea never stops moving, its waves will continuously crash on the shore, move back and repeat the process. Therefore by removing punctuation the poet effectively creates movement in the poem. Another reason for the lack of punctuation is to stress that there is no stopping slavery and discrimination. It is a never ending problem which will always continue to show its head somewhere else in the world. At comment 12, the highlighted words: Are they wrong/misinterpreted? I don’t know if your comment is a good or bad one. Futhermore, I think the tone is a sad, depressed tone when I read words like â€Å"murky† â€Å"shadow† â€Å"howling wind† â€Å"dungeon of death† â€Å"lamentation†. When I read the poem, I almost feel sorry for the slaves and children. Maybe this is also what the poet wants – to create an emotional atmosphere so the reader can empathise with the black people. I read the other students’ analyses and I agree that the word â€Å"children† is used to suggest innocence, and this stands in contrast with the rest of the tone of the poem. My thoughts are that the images of â€Å"murky waters† and â€Å"howling wind† also contrasts against â€Å"children†, because children are the symbol of happiness, laughter and care free circumstances. This, however is not the case with Langa. therefore the word â€Å"children† is used effectively to create contrast. I read the other students said that the spears of the night is a metaphor for the black people fighting back. â€Å"night† and â€Å"spears† usually have negative,  dark connotations, but in this instance it is the opposite: the black people represent freedom and light because they want to fight for what is fair and right. Then I also thought that, although one reads it as â€Å"night†, it can represent the homophone â€Å"knight†. this will make absolute sense in the context of the poem and the explanation just given. (it is like â€Å"Bustle in the House† where â€Å"morning† can be heard as â€Å"mourning†.) â€Å"Knight† also has a positive connotation. In medieval times the knight represented the good. A princess was saved by a knight in shining armour. Therefore the sentence â€Å"sharpen the spears of the night† can be reread as â€Å"sharpen the spears of the knight†, meaning that the people will fight for justice and that which is right?

Monday, July 29, 2019

Raymond Carver - Short Stories with Depth Research Paper

Raymond Carver - Short Stories with Depth - Research Paper Example Precisely why we have very few accomplished short story writers in English literature. In this essay we are going to analyse two stories written by one such accomplished writer Raymond Carver. We are going to compare and contrast these stories and also discuss Raymond Carver’s style of writing. The stories we are going to compare are, ‘Nobody said anything’ and ‘Will you please be quiet please?’ Life of Raymond carver Carver was born in Oregon, in a small mill town. His father was a skilled sawmill worker. His mother supported the family by working as a waitress and retail clerk. Carver got married when he was nineteen and his wife was barely sixteen. Their first child, a daughter was born six months after they got married and a son followed next year. All this time Carver supported his family by doing odd jobs. He later moved to California where he completed his BA and also attended a creative writing workshop conducted by John Gardner. Gardner held profound influence on Carver’s life and career. Carver kept moving his family from one state to another. His wife supported him by doing various odd jobs such as cocktail waitress, salesperson, administrative assistant and even as local school teacher. She supported Carver’s heavy drinking and life as a writer even though he kept teaching in universities across America. She also completed her degree and began to do better jobs to support Carver. Carver took to bottle and by his own admission has stated that in those years of heavy drinking he rarely wrote and only immersed himself in alcohol. Even when his friend Cheever stopped drinking due to diagnosis of cancer, Carver continued to drink. He had resorted to drinking so much that he needed medical assistance thrice to help him back to life. Eventually with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous Carver stopped drinking and took control of his life again. He divorced his first wife and married Tess Gallagher in the year 1982 . He died at the age of fifty due to cancer. Reflection of his life in his work Carver came from a blue collared working family. He came typically from lower middle class background which is seen in his stories. He saw life of blue collared workers very closely. Like couple of his contemporaries Carver painted a picture of lower middle class people on his writing. He highlighted their misery, their problems, their losses, love, relationships, and compromises all in his stories and poetry. He developed a matter of fact approach of stating their lives in his works. For a writer it is difficult to overcome the influences of his life while writing. Personal experiences and feelings do find place in the work they produce. One has to look beyond words to understand and feel what the writer actually wants to convey as deeper meaning to the picture he is creating. All his life till forty Carver struggled with his life by doing odd jobs, teaching and writing. He saw life from close end of th e pavilion and hence all those experiences found place in his work. Carver’s style of writing Carver is said to have a style of ‘dirty realism’ in his work. He was a minimalist writer using words only when necessary. John Gardner whose writing workshop Carver attended mentored Carver to use minimum words required to express him. It was Carver’s publisher Gordon Lish who pushed this minimalist writing to the brim by further cutting down the number of words Carver wrote. Carver later broke the agreement with Lish

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Banking - Essay Example The article argues that the Softcard, a product comprising T-Mobile and Verizon Wireless companies’ technology will enable the existing users to access services from 14,000 outlets of the McDonalds fast food chain. The author’s research argues that the Softcard services will service the existing and emerging clientele using any of the chosen eighty mobile devices. The author succeeds in analyzing the propulsion of the US economy through wireless financial services from a comparative approach that includes different countries. The research successfully indicates that the NFC, Apple Pay, and Softcard are gaining a reasonable clientele population in nations such as Australia and UK (Ginovsky 1). The author cites that 60% of the debit card users’ activities increased by 18% after the technology’s introduction; thus, leading to revenue increment of $3 billion (Ginovsky 1). The research predicts an increment of the services’ users to be 80% by 2020. Therefore, the banking periodical and the author’s research serve in delivering knowledge to the banking professional about the ongoing and the expected changes in the banking industry, as such information will enhance preparedness to overcome the challenges that might

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Flesh Eating Bacteria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Flesh Eating Bacteria - Research Paper Example Apparently, the name flesh eating bacteria is linked to the idea that infected parts of a human body looks like gnawed. Streptococcus pyogenes' also known as group A -hemolytic streptococcus, GAS, and Strep A exoenzymes or endotoxins cause the disease or illness known as necrotizing fasciitis. Fasciitis is characterized by the swelling of the fascia (Stoppler, 2009; Engelkirk and Burton, 2007). Fascias are the dense fibrous connective tissues that wrap the human body below the layers of cells that compose the skin. Fascias are also the tissues that enfold individual muscle fiber and envelope together individual muscles to form bundles. Similar dense fibrous connective tissues form tendons that attach muscles to bones, attach bones to bones, hold organs in place, and bind the different organs to form a stable system (Miller and Levine, 2003). The exoenzymes which are termed poisonous and lethal compounds are the primary complexes that cause the necrosis or death of vulnerable dense fibrous connective cells and tissues. One identified exoenzymes causing cell death are the proteases (Engelkirk and Burton, 2007). The dense fibrous connective cells and tissues are basically protein, so the cells and tissues are composed of individual units called amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. The exoenzymes as well are basically proteins. However, exoenzymes as enzymes are catalysts (Engelkirk and Burton, 2007; Mader, 2001). The exoenzymes which are protease catalyses the breakdown of peptide bonds that joins the amino acids of the protein component of dense fibrous connective cells and tissues (Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, & Allied Health, 2002). This collapse of peptide bonds results to the disintegration of the basic units of the cells and tissues which means death of the cells and tissues. So, the layer of cells and tissues below the skin called fascia as well as those in the other locations of the body die the same way when there is enough exoenzymes produced by the Streptococcus pyogenes' that can be circulated by the blood throughout the entire human body. Apparently, the amino acids are utilized by the microorganisms for their sustenance, multiplication, growth, and development as facultative intracellular pathogens (Engelkirk and Burton, 2007).Contaminated people are the most probable reservoirs of the microorganisms which may transmit the same to other people by direct or indirect contacts or through respiratory droplet infection. At present, S. pyrogenes has been found to be sensitive to bacitracin (Engelkirk and Burton, 2007, DHHSCDCP, 2009). Necrotizing fasciitis symptoms: tumor, fever, cellulites, swelling, pain, soft tissues, black and dry skin, foul-smelling-thick-gray drippings (Smith, 2002). Treatment: removal of dead tissues, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, adequate IV fluids, sterile operating room, local anesthetic, surgery if not flushing the area with copious amounts of sterile irrigating fluid (Smith, 2002). Conversely, Staphylococcus aureus produce exoenzymes or exotoxin or epidermolytic toxins called catalase causing the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Arguments - Essay Example San Diego is also considered a well-developed city. Aside from having beautiful beaches, the city has a long chain of fine dining restaurants, shopping malls including telecommunication services like internet cafà © among others. Since most part of the city is composed of a long line of luxurious homes, the standard of living of its residences also increases. On top of the improvements in the social class and status of the people, their personal and home security is also better as compared to a village that is composed of low-income dwellers. According to Kristina Davis – a Union-Tribune staff writer, â€Å"San Diego remains one of the safest large cities in the nation as crime rate continues to fall and the number of officers on the street continues to rise† (Davis). Considering the downturn in the U.S. economic condition and the continuously increasing high unemployment rate, it is expected that criminal activities is present wherever we go. Based on the San Diego Crime Statistics Report, the total violent crime and property crime rate in San Diego is 0.97 and 0.83 times the national average (City Ratings). This figure is still considerably low as compared to other city in California. Because of safety reasons, San Diego is considered a great place to raise a family. Since parents can be more assured of the safety of their children and other family members, individuals who are employed with either small- and medium-scale businesses or large multi-national companies are able to focus on their profession better. Likewise, the city government of San Diego has managed to develop competitive and outstanding educational system for children and young adults. Given that the population of the people living in San Diego has reached a total of more than 4 million individuals throughout the metropolitan area, medical institutions situated in the city has invested a large sum of money on high-quality medical equipments and facilities aside from having

Thursday, July 25, 2019

A ceremonical speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A ceremonical speech - Essay Example Why is that you might ask? The reasons are multiple but the most important aspect of the relevance of this day to the rest of your lives is with regards to how it will impact on each and every one of the determinants that have been listed that might otherwise provide a powerful impact upon one’s future and happiness. This is not to say that the emotional and personal triumphs of life should be diminished with respect to something as â€Å"simple† as a graduation ceremony; instead, the understanding and purpose of the importance that this day portends has to do with the level and degree each and every one of you should now conduct yourselves. For instance, take the situation described above as the â€Å"first job†. Certainly, many of you might have already experienced that first summer job; doing something that you might otherwise not have wanted to do just as a means of making a bit of extra spending money. However, when you place it in context with the momentous nature of this day, you can readily see how your college degree will impact upon the way in which you consider work and what work you are suited for the rest of your entire life. In short, although it is quite possible to achieve a degree of success in this life without a college degree, the importance and momentousness of this day is contingent upon each and every one of you reducing such a hurdle to your future success. This is not to state that a college degree alone will be sufficient to pave the streets of gold for you and your loved ones; rather, it merely makes the door that much wider and gives you that much greater of an opportunity to succeed within this life. Similarly, the college diploma that each and every one of you now have will enable you to livea better and more comfortable life than most of the individuals within the current world system. This should not be seen as a means of encouraging arrogance; rather, it should allow for a deep moment of self reflection and introspection with regards to how each and every one of you can work towards bettering the world and seeking to ameliorate some of the miserable conditions that continue to exist within it. From a personal standpoint, the first home purchase, the first new car purchase, or any of the other â€Å"firsts† which will be engaged with as a function of the jobs and salaries you will receive will also be informed by a degree of knowledge that you have learned and must retain as a result of your college studies. In short, although there are a number of key firsts that are experienced within life, it is my understanding, as it should be yours as well, that from a professional as well as personal standpoint, this momentous day ranks very high on the list. Due to the fact that this single moment has the possibility for defining so many personal and professional decisions that you will make for the rest of your life, I encourage each and every one of you to consider the gravity that the current celebration holds. This is not to say that you should not celebrate this moment with your family and friends; quite the contrary. Instead, once the celebration has calmed down and once the procession has left this hall, once the cap and gown are stored in the back of the closets – long after the pictures of this day have made the rounds within the family, this day absolutely will continue to have an impact upon the decisions that you make as well as the means by which other individuals within society view you. In such a way, I implore each and every one of you to conduct yourselves as fully worthy of the honor that this degree has provided you. Most importantly of all, I personally congratulate you on your triumph and wish you all

In the Name of God Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

In the Name of God - Assignment Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that religions generally promote concepts of love, acceptance, and forgiveness. Yes, there are also instances of horrific acts justified by most all ancient religious texts but, still, the main theme is generally of tolerance. The motivations for, along with the act itself of genocide doesn't seem to make sense until one peeks just under the surface.  As the former Eastern European nation, Yugoslavia broke apart in the early 1990s into what are today Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina had not yet been able to secure recognition from the European Union. The delay was due to a lack of racial purity in that emerging country, unlike the circumstances in its neighbor nations. Three ethnic groups were prominent, Bosnian Serbs (Orthodox Catholic), Bosnian Croats (Roman Catholic ), and Bosniaks (Muslim). Former Yugoslavian Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, in an effort to unite the Serbs, absorbed t he small nation of Kosovo under his control by gaining a huge public following. He accomplished this by using his political influence to fill media positions with his political supporters. Kosovo was a prime location to begin his vision. Passions already ran high among Christian Serbs who were being oppressed by the majority Muslim population. Franjo Tudjman, a Serbian and Croatian leader, wished to expand Croatian territory. After fighting between themselves, Tudjman and Milosevic decided to join forces to conquer than to divide Bosnia Herzegovina. The problem was the Muslim population in that country made for a very difficult takeover. Ethnic cleansing was publicly made state policy by both leaders.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Direct Practice in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Direct Practice in Social Work - Essay Example Therapy is likely to be most effective when a therapist is fully integrated into the treatment relationship; hence a therapist’s ability to fully and honestly express feelings and perceptions may be helpful in dispelling the notion of a â€Å"false front† being put forward by the practitioner (Clark, 2007:71). The objective of treatment is to gain authenticity in the therapist-client relationship, but these disclosures should be â€Å"purposeful and well timed† if they are to be beneficial (Clark, 2007:71). If on the other hand, such self disclosure is not purposeful and is done in a judgmental sort of way, it could be problematic because it could undermine the efficacy of the treatment and thereby, the therapist’s objective of gaining authenticity in the relationship. 2. The client Linda is a sexually abused person with a very negative perception of herself. Hence, it may be much better to focus upon the client herself and work towards helping her deal with her negative perceptions of herself rather than involving the therapist’s personal reactions to the client. Linda sees a rift between the therapist and herself, she perceives the therapist as being in a position of superiority. Hence if the therapist talks to Linda about her personal reactions to her client, then it needs to be done in a positive, focused manner. Rather than the therapist using a self involved statement such as â€Å"right now, I’m feeling a little cornered†, it may be more effective to couch the therapist reaction in a more positive and honest way. For example, if the therapist had responded more honestly by stating, â€Å"I have not personally been through such a shattering experience as you have but as I listen to you, I am impressed by the strength an d courage you have displayed in this situation. While you may feel that I am in a superior position, I tend to view this situation differently; I feel that you are far superior to me because you have displayed

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

ANOVA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANOVA - Essay Example The trainers held various positions in the program and had varying levels of education and job experience as well. The aim of the research was to determine whether the level of job satisfaction among athletic trainers varied relative to certain demographic characteristics. These included gender, tenure, position, age, and educational level. Data was collected using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). The MSQ measured intrinsic, extrinsic, and overall job satisfaction. Moreover, demographic information was likewise collected as these were used to group or classify the sample. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics with increased importance given to the measurement of the mean, variance, and standard deviation. The ANOVA test was then used to compare the levels of job satisfaction based on demographic characteristics. For instance, using the said tool, it was determined that groups classified according to the position they held had statistically significant differences with regards to their overall job satisfaction levels. Also, it was discovered that statistically significant differences existed between the subgroups based on their gender, age, educational level, and tenure.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Hp-Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Hp-Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay It specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise, and industry standard servers, related storage devices, networking products, software and a diverse range of printers, and other imaging products. HP markets its products to households, small- to medium-sized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumer-electronics and office-supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors. HP also has strong services and consulting business around its products and partner products. HP believes that simplifying logistics industry supply chains centers on a single premise: the information surrounding in-transit materials and financial management is as valuable as the actual physical goods. Thus, the better you synthesize and utilize the information embedded in the supply chain operations, the more you can reduce complexity and prosper. To this end,The company offer a four-pronged approach for addressing supply chain complexity: 1. A clear understanding of the challenges, and a vision of how to break through the complexity. 2. The broadest portfolio of services and technology in the industry for creating an integrated and agile supporting infrastructure. 3. An industry architecture that maps this portfolio to the core business technology layers that are essential for a high-performing supply chain. 4. Service methodologies for assessing and refining the business and technology that propels supply chain performance.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Background Of Pulmonary Edema Health And Social Care Essay

Background Of Pulmonary Edema Health And Social Care Essay Heart failure is a medical condition that consequences as the heart is incapable to supply adequate blood flow to convene metabolic necessities or contain systemic venous arrival. According to Conte and Clinton (2012), this widespread state influences over 5 million individuals in the United States at an expense of $10-38 billion annually. In this paper, we will discuss a type of heart failure, Pulmonary Edema. Considering its etiology, types, and symptoms, we will also discuss the methodologies of its treatment. Introduction Pulmonary edema is a situation due to reason of surplus liquid in the lungs. This kind of liquid collects inside oxygen sacks inside lungs, rendering it hard to inhale and exhale (Kapoor, 2011). Typically, heart disease cause pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema can be generally put into cardiogenic and also non-cardiogenic reasons. Cardiogenic factors behind pulmonary edema are a result of high pressure in the arteries from the lung due to poor heart function. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema could be frequently brought on by Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Renal failure, quick incline so that you can large altitudes greater than 10,000 ft, The rapidly increasing lung, a great overdose in strong drugs or methadone, Pain killers drug or even chronic large dosage utilization of aspirin, or in unusual instances pulmonary embolism, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), a few infections, or perhaps eclampsia in pregnant women. Most sufferers with pulmonary edema inside internal medicine section tend to be elderly, having ischaemic heart problems, hypertension, diabetes, plus a previous history of pulmonary edema. The entire mortality will be large (in-hospital, 12%) and the predictors connected with large in-hospital fatality are related to remaining ventricular myocardial operate. Pulmonary vessels generate a great disproportion in the startling pressure, ultimately causing increase in the liquid filtering into the interstitial, spaces with the bronchi that exceeds the lymphatic system capacity to drain the particular liquids apart, increasing quantities associated with smooth leak into the alveolar room, the particular lymphatic system drain pipes extra extracellular fluid quantity. In the event the alveolar tissue is damaged, the particular liquid builds up in the alveoli. Hypoxemia grows if the alveolar tissue layer is thickened simply by simply fluid which affects exchange of air and also as fluid fills opening and alveolar area, lung complying decreases and air diffusion. The most common symptom of pulmonary edema will be breathlessness or perhaps breathlessness. Additional common symptoms can sometimes include easy tiredness, more rapidly developing difficulty breathing than usual having typical exercise (dyspnea in exertion), quick inhaling (tachypnea), dizziness, or weak point. Etiology and Overview: The etiology of pulmonary edema is divided into two groups: Cardiogenic: It is defined as pulmonary edema because of amplified capillary hydrostatic pressure minor to prominent pulmonary venous stress. It reflects the accretion of liquid with low-protein substance in the lungs and alveoli as a consequence of cardiac malfunction. It is caused by high pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of liquid into the pulmonary artery and alveoli. Myocardial infarction is the universal discovery in these sufferers following-on in left ventricular malfunction and greater than before hydrostatic pressure (Bajwa Kulshrestha, 2012). Non-Cardiogenic: This is caused by various disorders in which factors other than elevated pulmonary capillary pressure are responsible for protein and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), is caused by changes in permeability of the pulmonary capillary membrane as a result of either a direct or an indirect pathologic insult. The major reasons of non-cardigenic PE are Drowning, Acute glomerulonephritis, Fluid overload, infections and mismatch during blood transfusion, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, anxiety, Inhalation injury, allergic effects, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), distress, inhalation of polluted air, Hanta virus (caused by rats having symptoms alike flu), etc. Statistics: With a getting old population and growing figures of patients enduring severe myocardial infarcts, there is a rising figure of patients with pulmonary edema. Heart malfunctioning is the most universal reason of admittance to hospital in the Medicare population in America, and more or less a million patients (978,000) were hospitalized with the identification of pulmonary edema in 1998. Other western states, for instance, Australia and the UK possess a likewise high occurrence. Authorized researches reveal that 746 per year, 62 per month, 14 per week, and 2 per day deaths are reported due to pulmonary edema. Physiology and Pathophysiology: According to Plummer and Campagnaro (2013), timely diagnosis of pulmonary edema is necessary as the situation is finely supervised by abolishing the neurogenic activator. A circulatory system of a normal person functions such that the flow of fluid from pulmonary capillaries to lungs equals removal of fluid by pulmonary lymphatic and the normal pulmonary capillary pressure is about8 mmHg. Signs and symptoms: Pulmonary Edema can be initially diagnosed by considering the symptoms such as Dyspnea (trouble in inhalation), orthopnea (conciseness of breathing), nervousness or sentiment of imminent destiny, frothy-pink or salmon-colored sputum (coughed-up matter), Cyanosis (bluish dermal state), paleness, Diaphoresis (extreme sweating), difficulty to laze horizontal, and reduced predictive indications such as Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in body tissue), irregular blood pressure, elevated heart rate, and enlarged pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Physical exam Patients suffering from pulmonary edema can demonstrate vital signs showing tachypnea (state of hasty inhalation), tachycardia (fast heart rate), and hypotension (irregular low blood pressure). Integument exam can reveal skin paleness and another condition of Livedo Reticularis i.e. skin yellowing, emerging with marks. Pulmonary exam shows atypical panting sounds with infrequent wheezing and odd breathing pattern with employment of secondary muscles. Cardiac exam exposes Pulsus alternans a state of discontinuous weak and strong pulse which can be an indication of left ventricular malfunction in Congestive Heart Failure and abnormal hums in cardiac diaphragm. Pathophysiology: Pulmonary edema grows when the transport of fluid from the blood vessels to the interstitial gap and in a number of cases to the alveoli surpass the arrival of fluid to the blood by route of the lymphatic. It is initiated by discrepancy in Starling pressures and crucial injury to a variety of constituents of the alveolar capillary membrane. Also, the order of fluid exchange and accumulation in the lungs and air sacs is disturbed. The pulmonary edema is represented upon three separate successive phases: Phase 1 amplification in transport of fluid from blood capillaries to the interstitial gap Phase 2 lymphatic does not follow fast pace and fluid and colloid start to amass Phase 3 alveolar capillary membrane is incredibly slender and bursts instantly, consequently alveolar overflow takes place Treatment: When evaluating the patients, a chest x-ray is essential in differentiating between aspiration pneumonitis and pulmonary edema (Udeshi, Pierre, Cantie, 2010). The goal of treatment of patients of pulmonary edema is to reduce pulmonary venous and capillary strain, enhance cardiac output, and correct the fundamental pathological conduct. Offering oxygen is the first step in therapy regarding pulmonary edema. You always obtain oxygen via a face mask or even nasal cannula à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ a flexible plastic material tube having 2 openings that provide inhalation to both nostrils. Preload decreasing drugs lower pressure brought on by smooth starting the heart and lungs. Morphine (Astramorph) may be used to relieve shortness of breath and also anxiety. Afterload reducers widen your blood vessels and also take a pressure insert away your heartà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ventricle. Later treatments include drug and oxygen therapy. The process of Drug therapy is slightly complicated as compared to the oxygen treatment. The application of loop diuretics e.g., torsemide, bumetanide, furosemide renders vasodilation and reduces pulmonary blocking. Besides, overseeing metolazone for treatment of Congestive Heart Failure is an important aspect here. Vasodilators provide dilation of vascular artery, consequently lessening the pulmonary vascular pressure. Morphine sulfate tends to cause venous dilation and Aminophylline is prescribed after the signs of wheezing are seen. Oxygen therapy is relatively an easy process for the treatment of patients of pulmonary edema. An uncomplicated technique of Intubation is employed. However, motorized ventilation may perhaps be essential, depending on the severity of disease. Other processes are continuous positive airway pressure PAP method of respiratory ventilation mainly to avoid tracheal intubation and bi-level PAP used when airway is required with the accumulation of pressure maintenance. Swan-Ganz catheter The pulmonary artery catheter is commonly known as Swan-Ganz catheter, may be the incorporation of catheter in a pulmonary artery. The objective is diagnosis (assessment and inference); also utilized to identify heart failure or sepsis, observe therapy, and assess the consequences of medications. The pulmonary artery catheter permits undeviating, concurrent analysis regarding pressures inside right atrium, ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium. Conclusion As we have already considered the statistics regarding the pulmonary edema, although it is becoming common these, yet prevention of every disease is possible. The patients who already are suffering from this, shall adhere firmly to treatment and comply with the directions given by their physicians, they should make certain that they spend their daily life according to the doctors advices and counseling, such that their situation remains under control. Also, a healthy person, to avoid pulmonary edema if follows a fit, well balanced meal and continue with an suggested bodyweight according to his age and height, his danger of developing pulmonary edema will be a great deal lesser than a person who does not follow the tips of living a healthy life.

Saving Birds From Extinction Environmental Sciences Essay

Saving Birds From Extinction Environmental Sciences Essay Now although the number and variety of birds that migrate has decreased over the last two decades, several foreign species continue to visit National Zoological Park during winters. Previously, almost 5,000 migratory birds spread across more than 10 species used to fly down to the Delhi Zoological Park. But now this number has fallen to an alarming 500-odd birds belonging to hardly five-six species. According to the Zoos curator several true migratory birds like Siberian crane, Brahminy duck, Mallard, Red-Crested Pochard and White Stork have not visited the Delhi zoo over the last few years. This decline is due to a number of reasons including atmospheric pollution, hunting by humans, lack of food, global warming etc. Local migratory birds also turn up at the Delhi Zoo, and this place becomes a treat to watch for bird lovers. October end and November are the months when the birds start arriving, and more birds are estimated to come by January and February. STATE WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE CHANGING STATE OF BIRDS: Since the year 1500, we have lost over 150 bird species an extinction rate far higher than the natural background. Today, one in eight bird species is threatened with global extinction, with 189 species Critically Endangered, and Red List assessments show that things are getting worse. Particularly alarming are sharp declines in many formerly common and widespread species. This is a signal of wider environmental problems, and of the erosion of biodiversity as a whole. Why birds are declining:irds are declining: Humans are responsible for the threats to birds. Expanding and intensifying agriculture and forestry destroy and degrade habitats. Inadequately managed fisheries, ever-spreading infrastructure, invasive alien species, pollution and overexploitation all pose serious problems. Climate change, with impacts already visible, may be the most serious threat of all. These threats have deeper causes, rooted in our failure to accord wild nature its true value. Sound environment: Over the past few decades, the worlds governments have endorsed many international agreements relevant to the conservation of biodiversity, demonstrating their willingness to cooperate in tackling important environmental issues. The challenge now is to harness this commitment and ensure that concrete actions are taken where they are most needed. In several countries, the engagement of civil society and indigenous peoples organisations has resulted in impressive progress. There are signs of increasing action in the private sector, too. Agriculture and forestry are the key drivers of habitat destruction of birds: In Africa, habitat clearance for agriculture and logging threatens 50% and 23% of Important Birds Areas (IBAs) respectively. In Europe, agricultural expansion and intensification are among the most serious threats affecting IBAs. Proportion of IBAs impacted by different classes of threats in Africa and Europe Analysis of data held in BirdLifes World Bird Database (2004) In Africa, habitat clearance for agriculture threatens over 50% of Important Bird Areas (IBAs), with degradation owing to shifting agriculture an additional pressure (Fishpool and Evans 2001). In Europe too, agricultural expansion and intensification are among the most serious threats affecting IBAs, with a high impact at 35% (Heath and Evans 2000). In Africa, selective logging or tree-cutting affects 23% of IBAs, with degradation owing to firewood collection (including charcoal production) and forest grazing being additional, often related pressures (these threats are of less importance in Europe where little old-growth forest remains). In Africa, ongoing or planned infrastructure development (including dam and road building) is a further key cause of habitat destruction, with 21% of IBAs affected. In Europe this is also a major factor affecting IBAs, with a high impact at 37% . The Effects of Oil on Wildlife: We have all seen pictures and videos of wildlife covered in black, sticky oil after an oil spill.   These pictures are usually of oiled birds.   Many people are not aware that it is not just birds that get oiled during a spill.   Other marine life such as marine mammals can also suffer from the effects of an oil spill.   Even small spills can severely affect marine wildlife. Not all oils are the same.   There are many different types of oil and this means that each oil spill is different depending on the type of oil spilt.   Each oil spill will have a different impact on wildlife and the surrounding environment depending on: the type of oil spilled, the location of the spill, the species of wildlife in the area, the timing of breeding cycles and seasonal migrations, and even the weather at sea during the oil spill. Oil affects wildlife by coating their bodies with a thick layer.   Many oils also become stickier over time (this is called weathering) and so adheres to wildlife even more.   Since most oil floats o nthe surface of the water it can effect many marine animals and sea birds.   Unfortunately, birds and marine mammals will not necessarily avoid an oil spill.   Some marine mammals, such as seals and dolphins, have been seen swimming and feeding in or near an oil spill.   Some fish are attracted to oil because it looks like floating food.   This endangers sea birds, which are attracted to schools of fish and may dive through oil slicks to get to the fish. Oil that sticks to fur or feathers, usually crude and bunker fuels, can cause many problems.   Some of these problems are: hypothermia in birds by reducing or destroying the insulation and waterproofing properties of their feathers; hypothermia in fur seal pups by reducing or destroying the insulation of their woolly fur (called lanugo).   Adult fur seals have blubber and would not suffer from hypothermia if oiled.   Dolphins and whales do not have fur, so oil will not easily stick to them; birds become easy prey, as their feathers being matted by oil make them less able to fly away; marine mammals such as fur seals become easy prey if oil sticks their flippers to their bodies, making it hard for them to escape predators; birds sink or drown because oiled feathers weigh more and their sticky feathers cannot trap enough air between them to keep them buoyant; fur seal pups drown if oil sticks their flippers to their bodiesk birds lose body weight as their metabolism tries to combat low body temperature; marine mammals lose body weight when they can not feed due to contamination of their environment by oil; birds become dehydrated and can starve as they give up or reduce drinking, diving and swimming to look for food; inflammation or infection in dugongs and difficulty eating due to oil sticking to the sensory hairs around their mouths; disguise of scent that seal pups and mothers rely on to identify each other, leading to rejection, abandonment and starvation of seal pups; and damage to the insides of animals and birds bodies, for example by causing ulcers or bleeding in their stomachs if they ingest the oil by accident. Oil does not have to be sticky to endanger wildlife.   Both sticky oils such as crude oil and bunker fuels, and non-sticky oils such as refined petroleum products can affect different wildlife.   Oils such as refined petroleum products do not last as long in the marine environment as crude or bunker fuel.   They are not likely to stick to a bird or animal, but they are much more poisonous than crude oil or bunker fuel.   While some of the following effects on sea birds, marine mammals and turtles can be caused by crude oil or bunker fuel, they are more commonly caused by refined oil products. Oil in the environment or oil that is ingested can cause: poisoning of wildlife higher up the food chain if they eat large amounts of other organisms that have taken oil into their tissues; interference with breeding by making the animal too ill to breed, interfering with breeding behaviour such as a bird sitting on their eggs, or by reducing the number of eggs a bird will lay; damage to the airways and lungs of marine mammals and turtles, congestion, pneumonia, emphysema and even death by breathing in droplets of oil, or oil fumes or gas; damage to a marine mammals or turtles eyes, which can cause ulcers, conjunctivitis and blindness, making it difficult for them to find food, and sometimes causing starvation; irritation or ulceration of skin, mouth or nasal cavities; damage to and suppression of a marine mammals immune system, sometimes causing secondary bacterial or fungal infections; damage to red blood cells; organ damage and failure such as a bird or marine mammals liver; damage to a birds adrenal tissue which interferes with a birds ability to maintain blood pressure, and concentration of fluid in its body; decrease in the thickness of egg shells; stress; damage to fish eggs, larvae and young fish; contamination of beaches where turtles breed causing contamination of eggs, adult turtles or newly hatched turtles; damage to estuaries, coral reefs, seagrass and mangrove habitats which are the breeding areas of many fish and crustaceans, interfering with their breeding; tainting of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and algae; interference with a baleen whales feeding system by tar-like oil, as this type of whale feeds by skimming the surface and filtering out the water; and poisoning of young through the mother, as a dolphin calf can absorb oil through its mothers milk.    Animals covered in oil at the beginning of a spill may be affected differently from animals encountering the oil later.   For example, early on, the oil maybe more poisonous, so the wildlife affected early will take in more of the poison.   The weather conditions can reduce or increase the potential for oil to cause damage to the environment and wildlife.   For example, warm seas and high winds will encourage lighter oils to form gases, and will reduce the amount of oil that stays in the water to affect marine life. The impact of an oil spill on wildlife is also affected by where spilled oil reaches.   For example, fur seal pups are affected more than adults by oil spills because pups swim in tidal pools and along rocky coasts, whereas the adults swim in open water where it is less likely for oil to linger.   Dugongs als feed on seagrass along the coast and therefore be more affected by oil spills. Different resources will be needed to combat an oil spill, depending on the number and type of wildlife that is affected.   Climate Change Linked To Migratory Bird Decrease: Biologists believe that climate change is affecting living things worldwide, and the latest evidence suggests that warmer winters may mean fewer migratory birds. New research shows that as winter temperatures have risen in central Europe, the number of migratory birds has dropped. Ultimately, this may also decrease the number of migratory bird species there. We predict that with increasing winter temperaturesthe number of long-distance migratory bird species should decline, say Nicole Lemoine and Katrin Boehning-Gaese of Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, in the April issue of Conservation Biology. The Earths surface temperature has increased by about a degree F since 1860, and is expected to increase by as much as 10 degrees F more over the next century. Already, climate change is affecting plants and animals in many parts of the world: for instance, plants in Europe have a longer growing season, a North American marmot has a shorter hibernation period, and some migratory birds in Europe are starting to breed earlier. Climate change could also affect the abundance and diversity of birds. The idea is that warmer winters could increase the survival of birds that live in an area year-round, which could give migratory birds more competition for resources such as food and nest sites when they return to breed in the spring and that in turn could decrease the total number of migratory birds as well as the number of species. To see if climate change affects the abundance and diversity of migratory birds, Lemoine and Boehning-Gaese analyzed existing bird census and climate data for the Lake Constance region of central Europe, which includes parts of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The researchers determined the number of land bird species and the abundance of each species during two recent census periods (1980-81 and 1990-92). The researchers considered 300 species of land birds and divided them into three categories: residents, short-distance migrants (those that migrate an average of roughly 600 to 1,200 miles) and long-distance migrants (those that migrate more than 2,200 miles). There were 122, 80 and 108 species in each category, respectively. While climate change did not affect resident or short-distance migratory birds, Lemoine and Boehning-Gaese found that it did affect the long-distance migrants. Between the two census periods, winters got warmer and the abundance of long-distant migrants decreased. Specifically, the average temperature of the coldest month increased more than four degrees F, and the abundance of long-distance migratory birds decreased by a fifth. Ultimately, warmer winters will probably also decrease the number of long-distance migratory bird species in Central Europe, say the researchers. In addition, the birds migratory behavior will probably evolve. The migratory behavior of bird populations can change in only a few generations, and several populations of wrens, skylarks and other short-distance migrants have stopped migrating in the last 20 years. Migrating Birds Cant Control Themselves: During the spring and fall migratory seasons, sparrows become significantly less capable of resisting temptation. Researchers writing in the open access journal  BMC Neuroscience  investigated impulse control and sleep in white-crowned sparrows during migratory and non-migratory seasons. During migratory periods, the birds slept very little and became more impulsive, but sleep loss itself was not entirely to blame for their impulsivity. University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers studied the effects of migratory status and sleep deprivation on the ability of a group of sparrows to master the urge to peck at a food-giving button. According to study director Ruth Benca, In the wild, despite marked reductions in apparent opportunity to sleep, birds continue to successfully engage in prolonged flight, complex navigation and predator evasion during migration. In the laboratory, weve previously found that birds in the migratory state can learn to peck at a switch for food as well as birds during non-migratory periods. In contrast, in this study we demonstrate that, relative to birds in the non-migratory state, they struggle to learn when not to peck. This apparent hyperactivity during the migratory period may be linked to the fact that the migrating birds sleep periods become divorced from the light/dark cycle they follow during the non-migratory seasons of Summer and Winter; separate experiments showed that sleep deprivation alone does not cause this loss of control. Short sleep duration in the summer is also not associated with increased impulsivity. According to Benca, It is conceivable that the temporal fragmentation of migratory sleep plays a role in the migration-specific loss of behavioral inhibition. Whether the inability to inhibit pecking is related to a general failure of inhibition, a distorted sense of time, inattention to salient cues, or some other underlying mechanism is not entirely clear. How to Prevent Illness in  Birds: Reducing the Risk of Illness in Pet  Birds While it can be difficult to think about, the reality of bird ownership is that there are many things that can adversely affect a birds health in our homes, in the air, and even within the safety of your birds own cage. Reducing the risk of illness as much as possible is a necessity for the majority of bird owners, and can be done by working to eliminate the major risk factors in your birds environment. Pay close attention to the information below to help your bird ward off some of the most common illnesses that affect birds in captivity. As the old saying goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure! Practice good hygiene. Practicing good  hygiene  around your bird can go a long way toward preventing the onset of illness in your pet. In addition to washing your hands both before and after you handle your feathered friend, you should also take time to make sure that your birds toys, dishes, and other cage accessories are cleaned and disinfected on a regular basis. Practice good cage-cleaning techniques by changing the liner at least once a day, and doing a deep, thorough scrubbing weekly. Taking these sorts of steps will help reduce the your birds risk of being exposed to viruses and bacteria that may find their ways into your pets living space. Solution: In BriefHuman history has followed a pattern-which began in Africa but is now global in scope-of exploiting nature and depleting resources. As we have expanded our influence over the world, we have also extinguished species and populations at an alarming rate. Despite attempts to reduce biodiversity loss, the trend is likely to continue: nearly 20% of all humans-more than a billion-now live within biodiversity hotspots, and their growth rate is faster than the population at large. This article presents nine steps to reduce biodiversity loss, with a goal of categorizing human-caused extinctions as wrongs, such as the slave trade and child labor, that are unacceptable to society. These steps include developing a system of parks that highlight the planets biological legacy, much as historical landmarks celebrate human history. Legal prohibitions that are fairly and capably enforced will also be essential in protecting rare and declining species. Biodiversity endowments-from national gov ernments, nongovernmental organizations, and private enterprises-can help support parks and native species in perpetuity. Like a good sports team, conservationists need to defend extant wilderness areas, but they also need to play offense by restoring ecosystems, reclaiming keystone and umbrella species, and making human landscapes more hospitable to biodiversity. In the long run, the most effective forms of conservation will be those that engage local stakeholders; the cultivation of sustainable ecosystems and their services must be promoted along with conservation of endangered species and populations. The emerging field of ecological economics can unite these goals by revealing the connections between human well-being and conservation. Key Concepts Extinction is likely to be one of our longest-lasting legacies. To address this crisis, we will need landscape-level management of wilderness and human-impacted areas, community involvement, legislation, economic incentives, bioliteracy, unified conservation science, and attention to the prime drivers of extinction: growth of the human population and its aggregate consumption. The new field of ecological economics, which synthesizes human activities and natural processes, can quantify the costs and benefits of biodiversity protection. We need a social transformation, through education and ecological literacy, to make human-caused extinction a thing of the past, like the slave trade, apartheid, and the Iron Curtain. In 2008, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in the UK announced a final call to find the slender-billed curlew, a one-time resident of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, last seen in 1999. Meanwhile, scientists in Australia pronounced the white lemuroid possum extinct; a native of mountain forests in Queensland, the possum was the first mammalian extinction blamed exclusively on global warming.. Two critically endangered frog species were declared extinct, despite their protection by a Costa Rican national park. More than 140 species of mammals, 24 birds, 6 reptiles, and 5 amphibians deteriorated in conservation status, moving from lower to higher risk categories of concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the global authority on the conservation status of the worlds animals and plants.1  Only 37 mammals improved during this period, along with two birds and one amphibian. Unfortunately, the year 2008 was not exceptional in these respects. The biodiversity crisis is by now as well known as it is tragic. The species extinction rate is of great concern. At least 76 mammal species are known to have gone extinct since 1500, with several others on the verge.2  The baiji, a freshwater dolphin of the Yangtze, will almost certainly join the list soon. The Scimitar-horned oryx and Pere Davids deer now probably exist only in captivity. Marine mammals are in severe danger, especially in northern oceans. Things are even worse for other, less celebrated, taxa. More than 70% of North Americas freshwater mussel species are on the edge of extinction.3  Since the Polynesians first arrived on Hawaii 1,600 years ago, more than 70% of the islands native birds have disappeared.4  Since 1850, the extinction rate for the worlds birds has been about 100 times higher than the background rate in the fossil record. More than 10% of all bird species remain threatened. Seabi rds have been in special jeopardy-rats took out many island colonies, and about 130 of the 450 remaining species are threatened with extinction-but forest birds arent faring much better. If deforestation continues at the present pace, so many birds may disappear that their extinction rate will increase by more than an order of magnitude by the end of the century.5 The problem is much bigger than species loss. The diversity of life spans many levels, from strands of DNA within an individual to entire ecosystems comprising billions of organisms and thousands of species. Extinction occurs adaptation by adaptation, population by population, habitat by habitat. The disappearance of a population is often a prelude to species extinction,6  but species can lose their ecological relevance long before they go extinct, as their numbers dwindle and they no longer remain key players in the system. Many extant species are now absent from more than half of their historic ranges. As organisms disappear, we lose our natural capital-the ecological goods and services that enrich and sustain our lives. That deforestation and overgrazing can lead to erosion and desertification is as obvious as the Sahel, but other connections-such as the rise of malaria and hemorrhagic fevers in disturbed lands-are becoming more apparent as our ecological footprints and understa nding of diseases expand. There is a growing recognition that our natural heritage is at risk, irreplaceable, and central to our well-being. There are potential remedies for these problems, but they will take effort and determination. The financial crisis made front-page news every day in early 2009. The global extinction crisis barely was mentioned. Yet economic recessions are a blip in history, whereas the effects of runaway extinction will linger for millions of years. Paleontologists have identified long lags in the evolution of new organisms following major extinction events, largely because diversity begets diversity. Extinction chips away at the genetic and ecological engines of speciation. With fewer genetic lineages, there is a reduction in the raw material of evolution: variation in DNA. A reduction in ecosystems and unique niches means fewer opportunities for new organisms to evolve. The drop in the number of species, genera, and families on the planet is likely to be a long-lasting legacy of human activities. We will be poorer without a rich store of biodiversity-in spirit, in health, and even in our pocketboo ks. Here are nine tactics that could help moderate human-caused extinctions. Most of these suggestions have been made before, repeatedly, but they warrant our continued and ever-more-urgent attention. Landscape 1. Biodiversity Parks Many countries have national parks that feature special landscapes and geological formations: the volcanic caldera of Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon, Mount Kilimanjaro. In addition to these traditional and essential parks, there is a need to protect a carefully designed network of reserves on each continent and in every ocean. This global series, or archipelago, of biological refuges-biodiversity parks-will preserve key features of the Earths biological legacy inherited from the evolutionary past into the future. Such parks, in effect, would celebrate and honor the evolutionary heritage reflected in biological diversity, just as traditional national parks and monuments preserve special geological features or honor important historical events in human affairs. Rather than merely constructing museums that memorialize biocide, biodiversity parks would offer explicit protection for endangered species and evolutionarily distinctive ecosystems. The task is not as insurmountable as it might appear. By preserving and endowing just 25 biodiversity hotspots (less than two percent of the earths land area) we could help protect 44% of vascular plant species and 35% of all species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians for $500 million a year7-less than 0.1% of the funds allocated to the United States Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to bail out incompetent financial institutions. One difficulty with many current park systems is that reserves often tend to be on residual lands that are not very valuable for resource extraction or human subsistence. A study of new reserves in Australia showed that they were typically gazetted on steep and infertile public lands, areas least in need of protection.8  Without proper planning, ad hoc reserves can be ineffective, often occupying less productive land, making the goal of protecting biodiversity more expensive and less likely to succeed. Well-placed networks of sanctuaries, designed with an awareness of ongoing climate disruption and the unique biotic facets of the sites, can help shepherd many species through the extinction crisis. In discussing parks, we often think of landscapes, but the biodiversity crisis affects aquatic systems as well. Protection of the oceans requires safeguards against overfishing and networks of marine reserves that include rich nearshore habitats (such as coral reefs and upwellings) as well as deep-sea vents and abyssal plains. As on land, these protected areas should range from strict nature reserves where fishing and extraction are forbidden to seascapes that are managed for their cultural and ecological value. Areas that are open to exploitation should be managed sustainably to meet the long-term resource needs of local communities, while providing natural services such as recreational opportunities and water purification.9 2. Ecologically Reclaimed and Restored Habitats Humans need to play conservation offense as well as defense. Beyond the immediate concern with the loss of a particular population, species, or ecosystem, a focus on long-term recovery and biological revival is also essential. Scientific research can inform the restoration of local habitats and help renaturalize entire ecosystems by uniting scattered fragments. In Costa Rica, scientists, businesspeople, politicians, and the local community helped regenerate 700 square kilometers of a tropical forest system-an area assaulted by ranching, hunting, logging, and fires for almost 400 years. They purchased large tracts of land, stopped the farming and fires, and let nature take back its original terrain.10  Restoration relying on successional recovery is not always so predictable, however. The reintroduction of fire to sand barren prairies that had been overgrown with willow was not enough to restore the prairie. The woody vegetation was resistant to the fire regime.11  For that reason, restoration ecologists are often needed to ensure the recovery of degraded lands.12  Thousands of species have been eradicated or imperiled by the construction of ill-conceived dams throughout the world. It is too late for the many freshwater mussels and fish that have gone extinct, but for others the damage still can be reversed. The removal of the Edwards Dam from the Kennebec River in Maine restored large numbers of eels, sturgeon, and striped bass to upstream habitats, where they had been absent for more than 150 years. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service funds competitive grants for private stewardship of lands, with an emphasis on endangered species habitat. Dozens of federal grants support restoration projects such as prairie streams for the Topeka shiner in Iowa, aquatic systems for Arctic grayling in Montana, grasslands for a threatened milk-vetch and other plant species in Oregon, and habitat for sage grouse in Colorado.13 The reintroduction of individual species can play an important role in rewilding parks and their surrounding ecosystems. Large animals are especially prone to extinction, yet they are often key to ecological dynamics. The return of a megafaunal species to its historic range can yield many benefits: undo a population extinction, make habitats more interesting and exciting for locals and visitors, and restore ecological interactions (often with positive system-wide consequences). There have been several successful examples of repatriation, though far from enough. Bald eagles now nest in every state in the continental U.S., and populations have increased by more than an order of magnitude since their lows in the 1960s. Przewalskis wild horse has been reclassified from Extinct in the Wild to Critically Endangered, with more than 300 free-ranging individuals now roaming Mongolia. After several decades of absence from the park, gray wolves released by the Yellowstone Wolf Recovery Team in 1995 produced some surprising changes: survivorship of pronghorn fawns increased fourfold, as coyote densities declined where wolves were present;14  streamside vegetation returned as elk browsing declined; and tourists flocked to the region, spawning a new type of ecotourism-wolf watching-now a $35 million a year industry.15 Some have argued that one way to restore ecological interactions that were lost with the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna would be to introduce analogs, or modern counterparts, from elsewhere. For example, bringing Asian elephants to North America might provide seed dispersers for certain plants that co-evolved with mastodons.16  There is no scientific or ethical consensus about the wisdom of such expensive and transformative action. Yet the possibility that genetic engineers might one day be able to bring extinct megafauna such woolly mammoths to life from frozen ancient DNA17  should prompt us to consider whether, if such efforts are successful, mammoths are something worth restoring to landscapes that have not seen them in 11,000 years. Community 3. The Fabric of Local Communities As scholars, biologists mostly observe. They build models, experiment, and-on good days-make new empirical or conceptual connections: the effects of pesticides on egg development, the role of disease in amphibian declines, or the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem function. Such studies take place on the modest spatial scale of a Petri dish, a common garden, or perhaps a local landscape, and at the modest temporal scale of a few years. To ameliorate the extinction crisis, though, science must move beyond such focused analyses-i

Saturday, July 20, 2019

The Awakening :: Essays Papers

The Awakening Edna’s awakening, from the beginning in Grand Isle, to her life in New Orleans and finally her death back in Grand Isle, takes place quite suddenly. She goes from a quiet, reserved lady, to an outspoken, strong-willed woman. Despite this dramatic change, one characteristic remained constant throughout the book. She was very confused about who she was and what she wanted in life. She is pursued by Robert, and is surprised when feelings for him stir inside her. At the beginning of the book, she dismisses him, mainly because she was married. â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier was glad he had not assumed a similar role toward herself. It would have been unacceptable and annoying.† As the weeks go on, her attitude changes greatly. Her response to Robert is one of love and passion. â€Å"I love you,† she whispered â€Å"only you, no one but you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 179, fifth paragraph). Edna often doesn’t understand her emotions and what is going on in her head, and she also frequently misinterprets them. Because of this she is a very unpredictable character, her actions and words are inconsistent in their messages. â€Å"Edna Pontellier could not have told why, wishing to go to the beach with Robert, she should in the first place have declined, and in the second place have followed in obedience to one of the two contradictory impulses which impelled her." â€Å"Yes,† she said. â€Å"The years that are gone seem like dreams- if one might go on sleeping and dreaming- but to wake up and find- oh! well! perhaps it is better to wake up after all, even if to suffer, rather than to remain a dupe to illusions all one’s life.† She seemed to welcome her awakening and, at first, enjoyed it. There were drawbacks to it though, just as benefits. People around her were deeply hurt by some of her independent, and sometimes self-absorbed, actions. By letting her feelings for Robert in, she discovered passion, but at the same time, pain and loss. The thought of continuing her life the way it was, and not being able to be with Robert drove her to such despair she came to the conclusion it was better off not living. As sad as this seems, she was at peace with herself when she died, which ultimately was all that she was striving for.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Wedding Toast - Best Man Essay -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech - Best Man Afternoon everyone, firstly, the city council have asked me to request that, for health and safety reasons, none of you get up on top of the chairs and tables during my standing ovation. I'm sure you'll all admit this has turned out to be a fabulous wedding celebration, yet every silver- lining does have a cloud, and that is, unfortunately that you've all got to listen to me for a few minutes. I'd just like to start by thanking everyone on behalf of the Bride and groom, for sharing their wedding day, although personally I wish you'd all stayed at home, because things would have been a lot easier on me. I'd also like to thank you George, on behalf of the bridesmaids for your kind words and also my personal thanks for giving me the opportunity to dress like Lawrence Llewellyn Bowen and for finally admitting after all these years that I am the best man. This book tells you to start all speeches with a joke & I promise I'll start shortly. It also says that you are the most forgiving audience & you'll laugh at the lamest joke. Over the next 10 minutes I will be severely testing this theory. ...I was really nervous before hand, so I prepared a few lines - and having snorted them I'm feeling pretty good right now... I didn't think I was going to be that nervous but believe me this is not the first time today that I've stood up from a warm seat with a bit of pap... ...h, fruity and intoxicating to the mind and then turn full bodied with age until they go all sour and vinegary, which inevitably gives you a headache. In all seriousness though George, it has been a great honour to have been your best man here today, but more importantly to have known you as a true friend of yours over the last 14 years. I sincerely wish you the happiest of marriages and may our friendship continue for many years to come. I started planning this speech a few weeks ago.... & it must feel like I've been delivering it that long. So it gives me immense pleasure, not to mention relief, to invite you all - well those who still can - to stand. Ladies and gentlemen, George and Julie!!

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Comparing The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights Essay -- compar

Similarities in The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "He stood a stranger in this breathing world, An erring spirit from another hurl'd... What had he been?   What was he, thus unknown? Who walked their world, his lineage all unknown?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Gordon, Lord Bryon (1788-1824)       This except of a poem from the Romantic period could be used to describe two characters from two different works of different time periods.   Heathcliff - the "dark-skinned gypsy" with the "manners of a gentleman"(WH 5) is the villain/hero of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights (1847) and Hari - the very English, Hindu-Indian, outcast/hero of Paul Scott's The Jewel in the Crown (1966) share many common characteristics.   Both represent a lower class of dark-skinned people that are disadvantaged by the times and societies that they live in.   Each fights outward prejudices as well as their own inner battles to determine self-worth.   Heathcliff and Hari find themselves in love with white-skinned women who represent the superior class in...

In measure for measure,the characters of Angelo and Isabella are similar

In measure for measure there are two characters that at first glance seem to be from two different worlds but a closer analysis shows that they are actually very similar. This is the case with Angelo and Isabella. When we first meet Angelo we see a ruthless leader who enforces the law as severely as he can and Isabella is the complete opposite, she is a virtuous and chaste young woman who was ready to devote her life to God. Both Angelo and Isabella have strict moral views; they both exhibit pride and are guilty of self deception. In scene, when Isabella and Angelo first meet straight away we can distinguish the similarities between them. For example, Isabella uses the same language as Angelo and the two of them are able to finish each other's sentences indicating that they are on the same thinking level and that they are actually not that different as both knew what the other was intending on saying. Isabella like Angelo is denying her sexuality. Isabella uses religion as a repression of sexuality where as Angelo represses his sexuality by enforcing harsh rules in Vienna regarding fornification and does not allow himself to express any feelings openly. One could argue that both Angelo and Isabella are sexually frustrated. Isabella is a pure and chaste young woman who happens to be in a corrupted society and it could be argued that her decision to join the nunnery was a way of sexual control and that she does not trust herself in the society that she is in and needs restraint â€Å"but rather wishing a more strict restraint† (1:4,L3). Angelo is a puritan and as a puritan he has to be able to control his sexuality which is why he doesn't express he desires or emotions and this leads to characters describing him as â€Å"a man whose blood is very snow broth† and in his soliloquy Angelo can't describe what he is feeling towards Isabella because he was never able to speak out openly about sex, emotions, love etc. â€Å"What's this?† â€Å"What's this?† (2:2, L 164) .For both of these characters repressing their sexuality discourages the audience from identifying with them. Another similarity that Angelo and Isabella both share is that they are put in a sordid situation by the Duke. The Duke put Angelo in charge of power whilst he left knowing full well that Angelo is a man made out of steel and will enforce the strict laws and as a result Claudio was condemned for fornification by Angelo who led to Isabella pleading for his life. The Duke is the only character who could intervene but chose not to. Isabella and Angelo are both troubled characters struggling to come to terms with their own inner nature. Both characters share their feelings and thoughts with he audience in soliloquy. Angelo (2:2) and Isabella (2:4) this is the only time that the audience can begin to understand these characters more and are able to empathise with them. One could argue that another feature both of these characters share is hypocrisy Angelo is an authoritive figure but does not practice what he preaches. He is a hypocritical character because he is condemning Claudio for fornification whilst going against his own law by asking Isabella to sleep with him.Similarly, Isabella readiness to give away another person's chastity (Marianna) is quite hypocritical because she refused to give up her own chastity because it was not morally right but was quite eager for Marianna to give up hers. It could also be argued that both Angelo and Isabella are selfish characters. Angelo's selfishness is evident in the way he abandoned Marianna due a lack of dowry and Isabella's selfishness is evident in the way she was prepared to value her own virginity more than her brother's life and the fact that she wanted Marinna to give up her virginity could also be seen as a selfish act. Both Isabella and Angelo are proud characters. Angelo is a proud man because he will not back down from enforcing the severe laws in Vienna even when Isabella pleads with him to spare her brother's life. I think Angelo feels that if he backs down then people will begin to take advantage of him as they did with the Duke so I think he feels it's imperative to be proud and honourable because that is the only way people will know you mean business and will look up to you. Isabella is a proud character in the sense that she would rather her brother lost his life rather than her give up her virginity to save him. To Isabella honour and pride means more than saving her own flesh and blood. â€Å"Die, perish†¦.not words to save thee† In conclusion, many critics have noted the similarity between Isabella and Angelo D.L Stevenson in his book, The Achievements of Measure for Measure, Ithaca 1966 notes the similarities between Angelo and Isabella, He claims ‘She is kind of observe of Angelo†¦ the play is only allowed to come to an end only at the moment of exact equivalence between Isabella and Angelo. It only ends s when Isabella has really become the thing she has argued for in Act II, merciful' (against all sense† the duke points out). What D.L Stevenson is arguing here is that in a sense Isabella looked up to Angelo because he was this authorative male figure but Isabella is also a strong female who was able to withstand pressure from this authoritive male figure. I agree with D.L Stevenson, I think that Isabella does look up to Angelo because he is a proud, authoritive being and I think in a way Isabella actually see a bit of herself in Angelo in the sense that neither of them can express themselves sexually as freely as they would have liked to therefore they resort to extreme situations to avoid confronting their true inner selves. They are both proud yet hypocritical characters who don't see any wrong in their own actions but are quick to blame others, for Isabella a prime example is when Claudio asked her to give up her virginity and she was outraged by what he suggested â€Å"O you beast!, O faithless coward!, O, dishonest wretch!† but yet she expected Marianna to do the exact thing she refused to do.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Traffic Information Surveys

Chapter 4PRELIMINARY SURVEYS AND DATA COLLECTIONIn the chapter 3, we have discussed virtually the aim and methodological analysis adopted for the work. In this chapter, traffic studies which be to be conducted and the demand of the studies for explicating the mightinesses of the mobility be before long explained. The chapter is organised into two parts which consists of, Preliminary studies argon conducted for the knowledges aggregation and the 2nd portion consists of supplemental informations aggregation, which is obtained from versatile commencements.4.1. Traffic SurveiesThe inframentioned former studies were conducted for developing index.Traffic garishness matter speculateSpeed and earmark surveiesRoad rakehell list studyOpinion study4.1.1. Traffic pile rate studyTraffic meretriciousness bet studies argon conducted to acquire the accurate values and information close to the sum of vehicles go doneing through the study country. pick out of traffic hoi polloi count studyTraffic great deal count studies be used to 6 Traffic tendencies discharge be established by mensurating the traffic volume.To grow the one-year spark browse in vehicle kilometres for the bing transcription and based on it economic exculpation can be provided for sensitive proposals.Highway user costs, grosss can be estimated.In the present survey, classified volume count studies were conducted at the fountain and the finish of the identified depraveNeed for Classified volume count study 6 Components of Geometric design of principal(prenominal) roads such as pretentiousness of lanes, design of inclines, clearances for overhead constructions classs etc. are dependent on the categorization of the vehicles and its volume on the street.sidewalk deign, design of Bridgess and design of different substructure knowledgeablenesss on the itinerary requires informations round classified volume count.Volume to the capacity, normally termed as V/C ratio ca n be determined merely on the foundinging of classified volume count.Classified volume count at peak hours throws plain radiation on the lacks of the systemsTo tote up exculpation for the regulative steps such as, one-way streets, routing of traffic, parking installations.Traffic volume informations is really oftentimes of import in traffic, deign, planning, operation and query intents. Traffic volume Count batch is conducted at identified midblock for 8 hours of the two dozen hours covering both forenoon and even extremum and off-peak hours.Behavior of the study manual traffic counts were conducted at the identified midblock of beginning ( Sunkadakatte ) and finish ( K.R.Puram ) of the stretch selected for 8 hours of the twenty-four hours. At each midblock, both guiding classified traffic volume count study were conducted for the computation of public presentment indexs.Analysis of the informationsThe traffic volume count informations collected from the field is scrutiniz ed and the values are analyzed, where the information is analyzed. The entire volume is reborn to rider auto units ( PCU ) as per IRC 106-1990 to find the volume of the route to its capacity condition in the codification.Vehicle TypeEquivalent PCU factors- Percentage composing of vehicles geek in traffic currentFast Vehicles5 %10 % and above1. two Wheeler motor rhythm / scooter0.50.752. Passenger auto, choice up new wave1.01.03. Auto-rickshaw1.22.04. elucidate commercial vehicle1.42.05. Truck or Bus2.23.76. artless Tractor Trailer4.05.0Slow vehicles7. Cycle0.40.58.Cycle jinrikisha1.52.09. Tonga ( Horse drawn vehicles )1.52.010. Hand cart2.03.0Table 4.1 PCU factors for motley types of vehicles 7 ( Beginning Table 1 Recommended PCU factors for assorted types of vehicles on urban roads. IRC 106-1990 7 ) ratiocination product of the surveyThe obtained PCU/HR for both anthesis and offPeak hours are analyzed and theVolume/ faculty is cypher for the finding of the public prese ntation index.4.1.2. Speed and contain surveiesTravel f number is reciprocally relative to go sever. The travel clip survey provides informations for the sum of clip demand to track a specified offshoot of route web. These types of informations provide information about upper, utilize informations. Travel clip and asseverate features are good indexs of the degree of help that is provided and can be used to assess the efficiency of the traffic precipitate. The velocity and acknowledge surveies yields the informations about mingy journey clip, squiffy journey velocity, norm stopped fight down, dream up running clip, entire stopped ingest and signify running velocity on the stretch studied.Need of Speed and hold surveiesSpeed and hold surveies can supply information on the sum, location, nature of hold and cause for the hold. Congestion can be evaluated and can be rectified by traffic and other ordinances.Congestion index, Travel clip index are all dependent on the t ravel clip, which is obtained by the velocity and hold surveies.Behavior of the studyOut of the assorted available methods for transporting out velocity and hold surveies, drifting auto method / Test-Car technique method is used for the current nethertaking. cardinal streak tallies are conducted to find velocity and hold for both peak and off-peak hr of the twenty-four hours.Analysis of the informationsThe volume count informations collected from the field is scrutinized and the information is analyzed. The mean journey clip( in proceedingss ) for all the vehicles in the watercourse on the way of flow Q is given by equation 4.1 and 4.2 5 = Ttungsten ( nY/q ) 4.1Q = ( na+nY) / ( Ta+ Ttungsten) ...4.2Where,Q = flow of vehicles along one way of the watercourse.Na= mean phone number of vehicles counted in the way of the watercourse when the tally vehicle travels in the inverse way.NY= mean figure of vehicles catching the trial vehicle minus the figure of vehicles overtaken when the trial vehicle is in the way of Q.Ta= mean journey clip, in split second when the trial vehicle is running against the watercourse Q.Ttungsten= mean journey clip, in gauzy when the trial vehicle is running with the watercourse Q.( Mention Highway Engineering, S.K.Khanna and C.E.G.Justo ) 5 End product of the surveyDelaies along the stretch are obtained and the type and ground for the holds are besides obtained.4.1.3. Road Inventory SurveyRoad gillyflower list study is conducted to update the database of the bing route web.Behavior of the studyFor the selected stretch, optic stock list was conducted and the undermentioned stock lists of the installation have been done.Identified subdivision distance.Effective route pretentiousness.Presence of median.Quality of siting bug outPresence of crossbreeding installations.Handiness of foot way installations.Parking installations.Identified subdivision continuanceTwo trial tallies were conducted from Sunkadakatte to K.R.Puram an d back, to find the telling subdivision length between the beginning and finish and it is has been engraft out to be 26kms.Effective route width.Road breadth available for the vehicular motion is calculated for every 250m utilizing tape and is represented as below in the graph. It is classified as route width holding breadth & A gt 7.5m, breadth & A lt 7.5m, largeness & A gt 10.5m. Graph indicates that 41 % of the route in the identified stretch has effectual route breadth & A gt 7.5m, 25 % has less than 7.5m, and 34 % has greater than 10.5m. fig 4.1 Road width ClassificationPresence of median.Majority of the route which comes under identified subdivision has median, approximately 86 % of the stretch has average and it is absent or removed for approximately 14 % of the subdivision, out-of-pocket to the building of subway and other infrastructural activity. see to it 4.2 Median HandinessQuality of siting surfaceQuality of siting surface is evaluated by Pavement rating 8 by ocular observations. Following affect is followed to measure the timberland of siting surface.5Pavement like new4Many old ages of process life3Near to or necessitating Rehabilitation2Should hold been rehabilitated in the last twosome of old ages1Should hold been rehabilitated many old ages0 agoFigure 4.3 Quality of siting surfaceBased on the above process siting quality is evaluated and is found out to be 3.71 for the full stretch.Presence of intersection installations.For the stretch of 26kms thither are about 39 signalized intersections.Handiness of foot way installationsRoad stock list surveies are conducted to mensurate the handiness of footpath length and this has installation has been described briefly under Walkability index in chapter 4Parking installationsParking length on the on-street has been carried out to find the on-street parking index. This installation has been described briefly under On-street parking index in chapter 4.4.2. Secondary Data CollectionThe sub stitute(prenominal) informations required for the survey is collected from the assorted beginnings and informations collected from assorted authorities sections are as followsBangalore city Traffic Police.Accident statistics informations is obtained from Bangalore City Traffic Police.Regional Transport Office, Bangalore. ( RTO )Datas about Vehicles readjustment and the growing of vehicles for the decennaries is obtained from RTO, Bangalore.Bangalore Metropolitan Transport tummy ( BMTC )Datas abut coach fleet size, figure of agendas, figure of riders carried per twenty-four hours is obtained from BMTC, Bangalore.