Acid Rain 10 :: essays research papers

Acid rain is exactly what it suggests- rain that is acidic. The definition of "acid rain" is rain with a pH of below 5.6. Rain becomes acidic because of gases that dissolve in the rain. Approximately 70% of acid rain is a result of dissolved sulfur dioxide (SO2) which forms Sulfuric Acid. The remaining 30% or so comes from various Nitrogen Oxides (mostly NO2 and NO3 which has collectedly adopted the mane Nox). There is also a small percentage of hydrochloric acid that makes up hydrochloric acid as well. The equation is as follows: Sulfuric acid when it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air: SO3(g) + H2O(l) = H2SO4(aq) In the air, the nitrogen ion becomes nitric or nitrous acid: NO2(g) + H2O(l) = HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq) Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, prudent gas released as a by-product of combusted fossil fuels containing sulfur. What causes this is a variety of industrial processes, such as the production of iron and steel, utility factories, and crude oil processing. In iron and steel production, the smelting of metal sulfate ore produces pure metal. This causes the release of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide can also be emitted into the atmosphere ny natural disasters or means. This ten percent of all sulfur dioxide emission comes from volcanoes, sea spray, plankton, and rotting vegetation. The oxides of nitrogen are by-products of firing processes of extreme high temperatures, for example: automobiles, and utility plants; and in chemical industries, for example: fertilizer production, etc. Also, natural processes such as bacterial action in soil, forest fires, volcanic action, and lightning make up five percent of nitrogen oxide emission. Transportation makes up 43 percent, and 32 percent belongs to industrial combustion. There are a number of things that acid rain effects in our environment. Forests, soil, lakes, streams, rivers, materials, and essentially mankind. One of the most serious impacts that acid rain has on our environment is acid deposition on our trees and soil. When Sulfuric Acid falls on the earth in rain, nutrients in the soils are washed away. Some of the aluminum also present in the soil is released and can be absorbed by the roots of trees. This causes the trees to starve to death because they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Sometimes the sulfur dioxide doesn’t get converted to sulfuric acid. In fact, there is a large amount that can float into the atmosphere and return to earth unconverted.

Project Management Process [in Construction]

ADVANCE PROJECT MANAGEMENT Project Management Process [In Construction Project] Ibtisam, Badar Reg. No— CIIT/SP13-RPM-292/CVC CIIT/SP13-RPMEmail: [email  protected] edu. pk Project Management Process | 2 Project Management Processes A PROJECT MANAGEMENT Process is the management process of planning and controlling the performance or execution of a project. Project management is one of the critical processes of any project. This is due to the fact that project management is the core process that connects all other project activities and processes together.Project management is a responsible process. The project management process connects all other project activities together and creates the harmony in the project. Therefore, the project management team should have a detailed understanding on the all project management processes and the tools that they can make use for each project management process. When it comes to the activities of project management, there are plenty. Ho wever, these plenty of project management activities can be categorized into five main processes. THE FIVE PROJECT PROCESS GROUPS . Initiation 2. Planning 3. Implementation / Execution 4. Monitoring, Evaluation & Control 5. Closure Project Management Process | 3 Project Management Process [In Construction Project] In my all working career, I only deal with two types of projects, i. e. IT and Construction Project. So if someone asks to me where you have to invest, I will prefer these two areas. In this report, I’m discussing about construction project management process. As I believe, construction is a field which boosts jobs and help in unemployment.In this report, I want to talk about project management process according to new project of Housing society or Villas construction project. I will consider this project according to each phase and step of project management process. Project Initiating The Initiating phase of the Construction project management process is where the project gets defined and authorized by management. The inputs to this phase are usually a statement of work or a contract given to you by the project sponsor. Other inputs are the environmental factors of your organization such as policies, procedures, and cultures to name a few.The output of the Initiating process is a Project Charter, focus on project scope and costs issue, set major milestones, and a Preliminary Project Scope Statement. We value leading the Project with a commitment that allows for nothing but success. By embracing new ideas, working well with our partners, meeting challenges with enthusiasm, and serving as positive advocates for the project, we will provide the leadership required for exceptional delivery. We value managing the Project well by clarifying our priorities, defining expectations and directing all efforts toward addressing the most critical issues first.Working hard to determine what must be done to guide potential toward opportunity will provide th e focus we need to succeed. We value the resources entrusted to us. By developing and recognizing our staff, practicing fiscal responsibility, measuring and reporting on performance, delivering what we promise, keeping to a schedule, and communicating with honesty and transparency, we will demonstrate our integrity. Measures of Success †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Safety: No Recordable or lost time injuries and reportable injuries lower than the industry average Schedule: Meet or eat established project milestones Budget: Manage risks to contain costs within budget Quality: Conform to project requirements without adverse effects on milestones or budget Environmental Compliance: Complete project without permit violations. Public Perception: Strong Community Support Through Effective Communication Project Management Process | 4 Project Planning Once a contract has been awarded: It is the responsibility of the project staff to review the item material lists and arran ge for deletion of material codes that will not be required.They shall also request addition of item material codes that they determine are necessary. Site Manager staff reviews the uploaded data in Site Manager for accuracy prior to making a project active. If the contract contains more than one category, the site manager staff will discuss with the project engineer and supervising engineer (SE) the need to keep the multiple categories. The SE will determine if the Site Manager staff should process an administrative construction order to combine Categories with like federal funding. A preconstruction meeting with the Contractor must be held for all Contracts awarded.The purposes of the meeting are: †¢ To review the Contract, especially job-specific special provisions. †¢ To discuss Project features, particularly those that may present problems. †¢ To discuss Environmental Permits and concerns. †¢ To discuss the potential problems of water pollution and soil eros ion. †¢ To review the Contractor's proposed progress schedule. †¢ To review the methods of handling traffic. †¢ To review sampling and testing requirements for materials to be used throughout the construction process. Project Management Process | 5 To address any of the Contractors’ questions concerning the plans and the Contract. Any problems that cannot be resolved at this meeting will be reviewed with the District office, and the final determination will be transmitted to all concerned, and if feasible, incorporated in the written report of the meeting. Start and completion dates for utilities must also be sent to: †¢ the Manager of Fiscal and Special Projects, and †¢ The Transportation Utilities Engineer. Notification should be sent to both of the above within seven days of effective completion date so final audits can be performed.The original of all memorandums regarding project status must be addressed and sent to the Construction Division Chie f. The functional requirements for construction planning such as technology choice, work breakdown, and budgeting. Construction planning is not an activity which is restricted to the period after the award of a contract for construction. It should be an essential activity during the facility design. Also, if problems arise during construction, re-planning is required. Project Implementation/ExecutionIn this stage we deal with contract management, Construction Management , and cost management. The integration of the different design aspects almost always requires that changes in approach be made in each aspect to accommodate the others. Such changes should be made as early in the design of the building as possible, since the time and work required in making changes increases rapidly as the design becomes more detailed. It is helpful therefore to have a systematic approach to the coordination of these approaches, and the Design Brief is a good opportunity for providing this.It is sugg ested that some initial indications are included in the Design Brief at the project inception stage, and that the consultants amend these as the design develops. The building envelope consists of all the different elements that make up the fabric of the building, such as the floor, walls, windows and roof. Most of the design decisions relating to the building envelope are the responsibility of the architect and structural engineer. They have a large impact on the thermal performance of the building, and it is therefore essential that the performance of the envelope is coordinated with the design of the HVAC system.This is the area that offers most opportunities for improved building performance through an integrated design approach. Project Management Process | 6 Monitoring, Evaluation & Control In this portion we deal with risk management, quality management and also do many kind of testing. Quality control starts with matching expectations about quality levels with budget and scop e during planning and design reviews and continues through construction delivery with a program of inspections, tests, and certifications.It requires a coordinated performance among the entire project team in order for a completed building program to fully satisfy a client's and the building users' expectations. Having a process implemented at the beginning of the project will help define the goals as well as provide a continuous measurement system over time to make sure the objectives are being met. The responsibility rests withe project team and the project owner. Also the manager who has †general management† or †project owner† jurisdiction also shares in the residual responsibility.This process is done at many levels such as: – The individual professional's level – The work package level – The functional manager's level – The project team level – The general manager's level – The project owner's level Project audit s provide the opportunity to have an independent appraisal of where the project stands and the efficiency and effectiveness with which the project is being managed. Audits can be planned periodicly, but also requested when there is a sense that the project is in trouble, or when a new manager takes over in order to become accustomed with the project.Project audits should: – Determine what is going right or wrong, and why – Identify forces and factors that have prevented achievements of cost, schedule, and technical performance goals and Evaluate the efficacy of existing project management strategy – Provide for an exchange of ideas, information, problems, solutions, and strategies with the project team members The task is to manage the project as it progresses, using the project control systems to maximum advantage. Project control is best analyzed by applying the factors of a unique operation, following its output and measuring its results.All factors are to be considered; labor, materials and equipment. One might also have to consider the role of the subcontractors, as they affect the sequencing of a task. In measuring the factors, the project manager must key in on the productivity of his labor force, measuring output over a given period of time. From these results, the project manager can then make a comparison against the project estimate, and against the objectives to meet the expected goals. To be affected in managing the project, the project manager must exercise three modes of operation.These three modes are planning, communicating and monitoring of the project. The project must be well-planned, each factor of the plan properly communicated, carefully monitored and controlled. Proper planning involves one of the initiatives of the goal setting process, the preparation of the schedules, a solid logistics plan and time-based general conditions established to monitor all phases of construction. The limits of construction should be cl ear and they must comply with the language of Project Management Process | 7 the contract documents. Collectively, these are the tools needed to compile this information.It must then be the commitment of the project superintendent and labor forces to carry out the tasks within these limits. To properly implement the plan, the plan must be communicated in such a fashion that there is full understanding of its purpose. One successful mode is the construction schedule. This guide to the project must clearly show each activity starting and finishing dates, duration, resources, long lead item purchasing schedule, submittal dates, purchasing dates, materials delivery to site dates all tied together by meaningful relationships, the networking between tasks. Closer & conclusionAs part of the Project Closure Plan, Suring success of a project the Project Manager needs to remain mindful of the close-out activities that bring a job to its responsible end. The process involves several very impor tant accomplishments that are clearly defined in the construction documents usually in the general conditions section of the specification book. To be successful it is always prudent to be informed and prepared. At the startup of the project a review of each trade section would further help identify needed final submittal information, that each of your subcontractors would be obligated to produce to complete their contract.It is now time to make a close out checklist. This checklist is an excellent tool to include in each subcontract, locking each subcontractor into ownership of their respective final submittal material, whether it is warranties, record drawings, or operation and maintenance manuals a clear reminder at the set time of contract signing is a good way to identify that you are in control. Referencing this information at the halfway point of a longer project would allow you to focus on closing out subcontracts of early finish work completed early, reducing your challenge s at the end of the project.The close-out materials are generally comparable to the submission materials required for approval by the architect at the start-up of the work by any trade. At the end of the project a manual including all of these pieces of literature are assembled and you publish this collection to the client via the architect. Additional information may include as-built drawings; replications of the architect plans with markups that identify the changes made and approved throughout the construction period and most certainly, letters of warrantee from each participating subcontractor. process will be developed that will address the things most important to employees as they explore options for their future. During this process, the management team promises to: †¢ Be open and honest about decisions that affect an employee’s position on the team †¢ Work directly with employees to allow opportunities inside and outside the project to develop new skills an d refine existing ones †¢ Promptly communicate to employee’s project changes that might affect them.We want to keep employees engaged in the current project and ensure that they are ready for new challenges. Employees can share immediate and long-term plans by completing the Employee Interest Survey described above. The employee’s manager will schedule an informal meeting to discuss the employee’s responses in the Interest Survey. The outcome of this meeting will be to turn those short and long-term goals into an action plan.

Things to Know About Dissertation Editing Services

Often, people wonder whether there Is a need for dissertation editing services. Let us put It simply. Everyone needs dissertation tattled services when they need to make a dissertation. Making and writing a dissertation Is one of the most Important things to excel at In an academic career. You need to understand that dissertation is always reviewed minutely by the academia. You need to have proper references and give proper credits. The dissertation should be organized and structured properly. There should be a proper low of thought.More, you need to ensure that the layout and flow of thought is properly able to explain the subject matter. No wonder you may need to hire an expert to check everything – there are far too many things to check after all! Editing service for students Dissertation tattled services Is what every student needs as after they complete their dissertation they need to get It edited to give It the final touch. However, there are certain things that one sho uld know about before getting such services done. . It is important to know that the dissertation editor you are going to hire has a thorough knowledge of your subject and related writing and understands the subject really well. It is only then that he will be able to offer perfect services without leaving out any mistakes. 2. You must ensure that your dissertation editor understands the process of research and also knows what the grounds are on which a committee can reject or approve your dissertation.He needs to work keeping these factors In mind and get all the acts right, to make sure your dissertation gets approved. 3. Before hiring a dissertation editor, always check the market to find out the best options available. You should not hire an editor who overcharges you or one who charges you very little for incomplete or imperfect work. Make sure that the dissertation editor you hire asks for reasonable charges while offering perfect services for your hard work. 4.Another thing t o know Is that when getting such services done, you must be sure hat your editor will work on a professional level where he will not only change all the inappropriate and wrong wordings and correct them but also correct all spelling errors, punctuation mistakes and grammatical errors and format the entire work appropriately. The editor you hire for the same must have a great command over the language in which the dissertation is written or else his own mistakes and improper knowledge will reflect in your work and get it rejected by those who check it. More info – http://www. Grahame. Com/dissertation-editing-services/

The Devil and Tom Walker and Rip Van Wrinkle

â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† and â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† by Washington Irving are two very similar yet different stories. Both of these stories talk about the American Dream and how one can want it but be disappointed when one gets it. Tom and Rip both have wives that are turning points in the stories. They both nag so much that it drives them to crazy things. The imagery in these stories gives a real feel for the scenery and how it interacts with the stories. Van Winkle and Tom both get what they wanted but once they achieve it they find that it is not what they want and regret their decisions.The message in these stories is be careful who you interact with they may not be who one wants them to be. The American Dream is to gain a great deal of wealth no matter the circumstances. Tom Walker and his wife are all about the Dream and Rip Van Winkle is wants his version of wealth to just fall into his lap. To Tom and his wife wealth is heaps and heaps of gold or money. Tom ’s wife â€Å"avarice was awakened at the mention of hidden gold, and she urged her husband to comply with the black man's terms and secure what would make them wealthy for life. (Washington Irving). She is so willing to do anything to get gold that she would even make a deal with the Devil. Tom makes the deal with the Devil and he becomes a slave trader. That is a horrific job, selling other human beings, but he still made a lot of money. Tom achieves the American Dream but not in the way he wanted to. He thought he would just obtain wealth, but he had to work for the money. To Rip Van Winkle wealth is not having your wife nagging you and getting to be happy. He leaves to the mountain so he can get away from her.He thinks he will get away from her for a while but he gets stuck sleeping for twenty years. Van Winkle achieves the Dream but he realizes that he doesn’t want the dream. In both of these stories Rip Van Winkle and Tom Walker achieve the American Dream but th ey realize it is not what the believed they wanted. Tom and Rip are very similar and different. First of all â€Å"Tom was a hard-minded fellow, not easily daunted, and he had lived so long with a termagant wife, that he did not even fear the devil. Tom is a man who doesn’t easily get frightened. On the other hand â€Å"Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with the least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. † He is a man who is happy with life and would rather starve than work for money. They are similar in their troubles though. Rip Van Winkle wants to get rid of his wife and so does Tom Walker.Tom and Rip both regret their decisions at the end of the stories. Tom regretting making the deal with Old Scratch and Rip regretting helping the hiker on the mountain because he loses his wife and â€Å"many of his former cronies†. Next we have the husband wife relationship in both cases. Now Rip was sort of a say nothing do nothing when it came to his house and wife. His wife would bad mouth him and yell at him, but Rip wouldn't do much of anything. He would just go off and sleep not worrying about anything. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family†¦ He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence†. If his wife wouldn’t nag him, Rip Van Winkle would go on and live life in perfect satisfaction.Every time Rips wife would ask him to do something, he would just shrug it off all day and everyday. She would talk all day and if Rip a ctually attempted to help or do what she said he would get bad mouthed and it would produce more chaos in his house than there was before. Now Tom and his wife on the other hand would battle to the death. Tom would yell and scream so his wife might agree with him. â€Å"Many and bitter were the quarrels they had on the subject, but the more she talked the more resolute was Tom not to be damned to please her.At length she determined to drive the bargain on her own account, and if she succeeded, to keep all the gain to herself†. They had verbal and physical battles all the time. The more she argued the more Tom would not want to do whatever she wanted him to do. In this case the more she wanted Tom to make the deal with Old Scratch the more he did not want to do it. Tom would hide money and so would his wife wouldn’t get rich with him. In both of the stories the wife husband relationship would be a turning point in both cases.In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, his wife ver bally abused him so much that he just left and went to the mountains to get away from her constant nagging. In â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, Tom’s wife basically makes Tom make the deal. She tries to make the deal but Old Scratch kills her and that is what seals the deal for Tom. When he finds his wife’s apron and her organs, he goes and makes the deal. These wives are the reason for the bad that happens to Tom Walker and Rip Van Walker. The scenery shows great imagery.One can tell â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† is set in a fantasy world right away by the way Irving sort of zooms in on the scene, first he tells of the mountains and then the town â€Å"When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory. † When the weather is fair the mountains are blue and purple, and they show their outlines against the sky.The fog gathers on the mountains as hoods and the sun rays light up the mountains. He then zooms in on the town, then you find yourself in a room with Rip Van Winkle and his wife. In â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† the Washington Irving gives describes the inlet where Old Scratch is found. â€Å"On one side of this inlet is a beautiful dark grove; on the opposite side the land rises abruptly from the water's edge, into a high ridge on which grow a few scattered oaks of great age and immense size. † There is a dark grove where the water rises right up to the gigantic oaks.In both of the stories you get the feeling of something supernatural is going to happen. Washington Irving use imagery suitably for each story. Both Rip Van Winkle and Tom Walker get what they want. In Rip’s case he wanted to get rid of his wife and his jobs . He goes to the mountain to escape from his wives verbal abuse and he basically gets a new life. In Tom’s case he wants money and doesn't want his wife. He meets the Devil, and the Devil wants to make him a deal. The deal is to give Old Scratch Tom Walker’s soul and Old Scratch will make Tom wealthy.Tom wants to make the deal with Old Scratch, but he doesn't want to do it for his wife to get rich with him. When she goes and tries to make the deal with the Devil, she gets murdered by Old Scratch and that makes Tom seal the deal with him. In the end, Tom is held up to his end of the deal, his soul. The message in these two stories is be careful who you interact with. Rip was climbing the mountain to get away from his nagging wife. He saw a man that â€Å"bore on his shoulder a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load.Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alac rity†. This man wanted Rip to help him with a keg and normally Rip doesn’t help people but he randomly helped this man. If he wouldn’t have helped the man, Rip may have never fallen asleep in the mountains for twenty years. Tom interacted with Old Scratch, the Devil. Tom was just taking a short cut and found the Devil on an Indian burial ground. The Devil wanted Tom’s soul and did whatever he could to get Tom’s soul. Tom got sucked in by the money that he could have and agreed to the Devils deal.If Tom hadn’t been so greedy, he may never have been so frustrated to call upon the Devil and might still have been able to live a longer life. These stories give great contrast and comparison. The American Dream shows that what you want isn’t always what you think you want. Their wives drive these stories and make Tom and Rip do their crazy things. The imagery in these stories shows how important the scenery is to the stories. Getting what you want isn’t always the best thing for you. Tom and Rip find that out the hard way.

How is the lead actor Warren Beatty's character in Heaven Can Wait Essay

How is the lead actor Warren Beatty's character in Heaven Can Wait movie similar to Jay Gatsby please give specific examples - Essay Example story is centered on this journey as he finds a way to return back to Earth to finally fulfill his lifelong dream: to lead his team as quarterback in the Super Bowl. These two characters in both stories play a similar role. Both Pendleton and Gatsby earn great status and position. For Joe Pendleton, he is a quarterback football star playing for the football team Los Angeles Rams. He is preparing his team to play in the Super Bowl. For Jay Gatsby, on the other hand, is a successful and extremely wealthy magnate who throws extravagant lavish parties. Both characters are not only similar in rank, position and social status, they are also very similar in their attitude and personality. Both are very persistent and determined people. Joe Pendleton as he meets an accident and is plucked into heaven by an angel a little too early, does not accept the reality and believe he is really dead and his time is up on Earth. Like Joe, Jay Gatsby refuses to give up on his desire of having Daisy, the girl of his dreams. Her affair with Gatsby five years ago brings about the main events in the story. Because of Gatsby’s extreme fiery desire to rekindle the love he used to share with Daisy, he committed his life to become the rich and affluent man to impress her. Towards the end of the story, Daisy is aghast even though Gatsby refuses to stop the pursuit. He is still anticipating for her call up until the exact instant he dies. Meanwhile, Joe Pendleton, even in his new given body as Farnsworth, a dying millionaire, he is still determined and single-minded on leading his team to the Super Bowl as their quarterback. Even in the afterlife, he refuses to believe his life has come to an end and it results in him finding new bodies to dwell in so he can lead as quarterback in Super Bowl and even in his new life as Leo Farnsworth. His only goal is still to lead as quarterback in the Super Bowl. For both characters, even to the point of death, their goal is their only thought in mind.

Security Assessment Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Assessment Report - Assignment Example Every one is seen with an access control ID card. Each of it has a unique face and name of the employee, name of the company and the person specific to the job. Any employee or site visitors who pass around in the authorized sections of the building are seen. This is not enough to avoid adjacent occupancies as the company shares a common ground from the neighboring company. Pedestrian traffic pattern is not appreciative though a preventive measure is suggested in the check list. Visitors parking and illumination is a matter of concern which needs proper demarcation and understanding from neighbors. In most of the cases the cases customer equally suffers with the company if any fire accident occurs. The company has faced severe fire hazard in the year 1999. Since then it has installed NICET certified designs of gadgets. Whose works is The company has a limitation to an extent as there aren’t proper policies set, there is no in-house fire brigade and there is no fire notification plan. These are being worked on and have confidence to come up with good solutions. This system usually enables identification of unfamiliar objects such as inventory items, employees, cards or labels that have entered without labels. This system is based on Anti-Collision algorithm which enables to read a large amount of tagged items at a single go. These gadgets are called UHF RFID readers which are compatible to Electronic Product Code open standards. The policies such as ex-employees information should be wiped off from the data base after two years from termination; expired bank loan’s details, partnership details which are no more followed are usually destructed from the data base but stored in a separate secret disk to retrieve if legal problems occur. Security providers like Armour security services are given this job to do the clean up and training if needed. The company is legally strong in its clearance of land issues, its employee rights, and

The Great Sphinx of Egypt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Great Sphinx of Egypt - Research Paper Example Others believe that the nose was removed by Sufi who considered it was blasphemous. According to Robert (48), arguments have been raised that the sculpture was built by Pharaoh Khafre at around 2575-2465 BC. This was during the old kingdom which was characterized by the building of pyramids. However, there are various arguments surrounding the construction of the Sphinx. History There are various mysteries surrounding the great Sphinx. The great sphinx is located close to the pharaoh’s Valley Temple and along the covered causeway that led to Mortuary Temple beside the pyramid. The great sphinx is made of limestone with lion’s body and a human head. It is situated at the Giza plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Egypt. It is one of the world’s largest monoliths. It is 73.5 meters (241 ft) long, 19.3 meters (63 ft) wide, and 20.22 meters (66.34 ft) deep and weighs around 200 tons (Robert, and McNally). It is among the oldest monuments in the world and it’ s thought to have been built by ancient Egyptians during the reign of Pharaoh Khafra around (2558-2532 BC). However, there have been controversies regarding who built the statue and when it was built. The Egyptians used the statue as a sign of divinity, and there is a belief that king Harmais was buried in it. The statue faces East which signifies security. The direction the statue is facing means that it guards the temple and the other pyramids that surround it. Egyptians use different names to refer to the Sphinx (Robert, 51). These include Hor-em-Takht (Horus in the horizon), Bw-How (Olacr of Horus) and Ra (Ra of two Horizons). The building of the Sphinx could have taken place during the fourth dynasty of Egypt in the 3rd millennium BC. Also, the statue could have been built by Pharaoh Khafre and the carved image of the face looks just like his face. Others suggest that the Sphinx was built by Pharaoh Khufu the father of Pharaoh Khafre, who also built the great pyramid of Giza. H owever, there is no conclusive evidence regarding who exactly built the great sphinx. Robert (49) states that Pharaoh Khafre ruled the fourth dynasty (2558-2532 BC) after having succeeded his brother King Djedefre. Khafre was the son of King Khufu and Queen Henutsen. He reigned for around 24-26 years and he is also appreciated for having built the second pyramid at Giza. He is also thought to have built the great Egyptian sphinx. During his reign, the Egyptian kingdom obtained great prosperity. Dimensions and Proportionality The head of the sphinx is smaller than the rest of the body which makes it disproportionate. However, this contradicts the facts that it was made by Egyptians since they were good at making proportionate items. The Sphinx was carved from limestone and the stones that were removed were used in the construction of pyramids and temple. The limestone that was removed around the head was stronger and was used in building pyramids while the weaker ones were used in bu ilding the temple (Graham, and Bauval, 17). There was also another suggestion that Sphinx would have been formed through water erosion. According to Manager (1993), the history of the great sphinx had long been forgotten and the monument suffered neglect. The story of the Sphinx began around 1400 BC when pharaoh Thutmose IV was told in a dream to unearth the Sphinx body. In his dream, he was promised to become the king if he carried out the errand.